Term
| sturm und drang ("storm and stress") |
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Definition
| used to describe the volatile adolescent temperament. |
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Definition
| the first psycho-sexual stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of development: from birth to one year, during which the child's chief source of pleasure and satisfaction comes from oral activity |
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| the second psycho-sexual stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of development: the second year of life, during which the child seeks pleasure and satisfaction through anal activity and the elimination of waste. |
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Definition
| the third psycho-sexual stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of development: from about the fourth to the sixth year, during which the genital area is the chief source of pleasure and satisfaction. |
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Definition
| the fourth psycho-sexual stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of development: from about ages 6 to 12, during which sexual interests remain hidden while the child concentrates on school and other activities. |
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Definition
| the last psycho-sexual stage in theory of development, during which sexual urges result in seeking other persons as sexual objects to relieve sexual tension. |
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Definition
| the taking on of parental values, beliefs and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of personal identity by the development of the self as a unique person separate from parents and others |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's theory that the structure of personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego and that mental health depends on keeping the balance among them. |
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Definition
| according to Sigmund Freud, those instinctual urges that a person seeks to satisfy according to the pleasure principle. |
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Definition
| according to Sigmund Freud, those instinctual urges that a person seeks to satisfy according to the pleasure principle. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Sigmund Freud, the rational mind that seeks to satisfy the id in keeping with realtiy |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Sigmund Freud, that part of the mind that opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions that have been learned to try to attain a goal of perfection. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Anna Freud, unrealistic strategies used by the ego to protect itself and to discharge tension |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure to establish a personal identity |
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Term
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Definition
| a socially sanctioned period between childhood and adulthood during which an individual is free to experiment to find a socially acceptable identity and role. |
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Definition
| the stage of life, generally extending through one's twenties, in which one is between adolescence and full adulthood. |
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Definition
| the act or process of knowing |
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Term
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Definition
| someone like Piaget, who believes that both brain maturation and environmental experience are needed for cognitive development |
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Term
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Definition
| the original patterns of thinking; the mental structures that people use for dealing with what happens in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| including and adjusting to new information that increases understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporating a feature of the environment into an existing mode or structure of thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| adjusting to new information by creating new structures to replace the old ones |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Piaget, achieving a balance between schemas and accommodation. |
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Term
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Definition
| abstract reasoning principles that allow children to think logically |
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Term
| zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| the level of learning at which a task that is too difficult for a child to complete by himself or herself is manageable with help |
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Term
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Definition
| the assistance provided to help a child master a task, it is gradually withdrawn as the child gains competence. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning by observing and imitating the behavior of another |
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Term
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Definition
| positive reinforcements are influences that increase the probability that the preceding response will occur again; negative reinforcements are influences that increase the probability that the preceding response will stop |
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Term
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Definition
| learning from observing the positive or negative consequences of another person's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of learners rewarding themselves for activities or responses that they consider of good quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of learners rewarding themselves for activities or responses that they consider of good quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| the skills, knowledge, functions, and attitudes that individuals have to acquire at certain points int heir lives in order to function effectively as mature persons. |
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Definition
| includes those persons with whom the adolescent has immediate contact and who influence him or her |
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Term
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Definition
| the reciprocal relationships among microsystem settings |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of an ecological system that includes settings in which the adolescent does not have an active role as a participant but that influence him or her nevertheless. |
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Definition
| the ideologies, attitudes, mores, customs, and laws of a particular culture that influence the individual |
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Definition
| the influence of a particular culture in determining the personality and behavior of a developing individual |
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Definition
| variations in social institutions, economic patterns, habits, mores, rituals, religious beliefs, and ways of life from one culture to another. |
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