Term
Which of the forces across the glomerular capillaries tends to increase from the afferent to efferent arterioles?
A)
glomerular filtration pressure
B)
Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure
C)
Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
D)
glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
E)
glomerular oncotic pressure |
|
Definition
E)
glomerular oncotic pressure |
|
|
Term
What is the process whereby molecules are selectively transported from the peritubular fluid to the lumen of the renal tubules?
A)
absorption
B)
secretion
C)
excretion
D)
glomerular filtration
E)
reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If the glomerular filtration rate is 150 mL/min, renal blood flow is 750 mL/min, and the plasma concentration of solute X is 10 ng/mL, then what is the filtration fraction?
A)
75 ng/min
B)
10%
C)
1500 ng/min
D)
20%
E)
50 ng/min |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The filtered load of a particular solute can be increased by ________.
A)
decreasing the rate of excretion
B)
increasing the glomerular filtration rate
C)
decreasing the plasma concentration of the solute
D)
increasing the rate of reabsorption
E)
increasing the rate of secretion |
|
Definition
E)
increasing the rate of secretion |
|
|
Term
When the solute concentration is high enough in the lumen of the renal tubules such that all of the carrier proteins or pumps are occupied, the system is operating at ________.
A)
renal threshold
B)
diffusional saturation
C)
transport maximum
D)
tubular maximum
E)
tubular threshold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following substances is NOT secreted into the renal tubules?
A)
sodium
B)
hydrogen
C)
creatinine
D)
potassium
E)
choline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most reabsorption occurs in the ________ and is ________.
A)
distal tubule and collecting duct : not regulated
B)
proximal tubule : regulated
C)
proximal tubule : not regulated
D)
distal tubule and collecting duct : regulated
E)
loop of Henle : regulated |
|
Definition
C)
proximal tubule : not regulated |
|
|
Term
________ pressure, which drives fluid out of the glomerulus, is relatively high (~60 mm Hg) due to the resistance of the efferent arterioles.
A)
Glomerular filtration
B)
Bowman's capsule oncotic
C)
Bowman's capsule hydrostatic
D)
Glomerular oncotic
E)
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic |
|
Definition
E)
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic |
|
|
Term
Which of the following pressures across the glomerular capillaries approaches zero?
A)
glomerular oncotic pressure
B)
glomerular filtration pressure
C)
glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
D)
Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure
E)
Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
D)
Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure |
|
|
Term
Which of the forces across the glomerular capillaries tends to increase from the afferent to efferent arterioles?
A)
glomerular oncotic pressure
B)
Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
C)
Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure
D)
glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
E)
glomerular filtration pressure |
|
Definition
A)
glomerular oncotic pressure |
|
|
Term
Which of the equations below describes the calculation of glomerular filtration pressure (BC = Bowman's capsule and GC = glomerular capillary)?
A)
(PBC + πGC) - (PGC + πBC)
B)
(PGC + πBC) - (PBC + πGC)
C)
(PGC + PBC) - (πGC + πBC)
D)
(PGC + πGC) - (PBC + πBC)
E)
(PBC + πBC) - (PGC + πGC) |
|
Definition
B)
(PGC + πBC) - (PBC + πGC) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following conditions would increase glomerular filtration pressure?
A)
increased resistance of the afferent arteriole
B)
increased protein in Bowman's space
C)
decreased resistance of the efferent arterioles
D)
increased Bowman's capsule pressure
E)
increased protein content in the blood |
|
Definition
B)
increased protein in Bowman's space |
|
|
Term
Filtered load is described by the equation ________.
A)
glomerular filtration pressure × plasma concentration of solute
B)
glomerular filtration pressure × plasma concentration of solvent
C)
glomerular filtration pressure / renal plasma flow
D)
glomerular filtration rate / renal plasma flow
E)
glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of solute |
|
Definition
E)
glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of solute |
|
|
Term
Changes in mean arterial pressure have the potential to alter glomerular filtration rate by directly altering ________.
A)
Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
B)
glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
C)
glomerular oncotic pressure
D)
Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure
E)
efferent arteriole resistance |
|
Definition
B)
glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
The amount of a substance excreted from the kidneys is calculated by the equation ________.
A)
filtration - secretion - reabsorption
B)
filtration + secretion + reabsorption
C)
filtration - (secretion × reabsorption)
D)
filtration + (secretion × reabsorption)
E)
filtration + secretion - reabsorption |
|
Definition
E)
filtration + secretion - reabsorption |
|
|
Term
Which of the following equations for determining clearance is correct?
A)
Clearance =
B)
Clearance =
C)
Clearance =
D)
Clearance = GRF × urine concentration
E)
Clearance = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The clearance of what substance provides the best estimate of glomerular filtration rate?
A)
sodium
B)
creatine
C)
glucose
D)
PAH
E)
inulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the gastrointestinal system?
A)
motility
B)
filtration
C)
digestion
D)
secretion
E)
absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sex determination of a fetus is controlled by the secretion of ________, which is coded for by the ________ gene.
A)
testis-determining factor : tdY
B)
testis-determining factor : srY
C)
gonad-determining factor : gdY
D)
ovary-determining factor : odY
E)
ovary-determining factor : srY |
|
Definition
B)
testis-determining factor : srY |
|
|
Term
The presence of both dihydrotestosterone and ________ in the fetus will further the development of the ________ into the male reproductive tract.
A)
Müllerian-promoting substance : Müllerian ducts
B)
Müllerian-inhibiting substance : Wolffian ducts
C)
Wolffian-promoting substance : Wolffian ducts
D)
estrogen : Wolffian ducts
E)
Wolffian-inhibiting substance : Müllerian ducts |
|
Definition
B)
Müllerian-inhibiting substance : Wolffian ducts |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of Sertoli cells?
A)
secrete fluid into the lumen of seminiferous tubules to support sperm development
B)
secrete androgens
C)
secrete paracrines that stimulate spermatogenesis
D)
form the blood-testis barrier
E)
provide nutrients for developing sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ________ erectile tissue increases during sexual arousal, causing the penis to become erect.
A)
tightening of the connective tissue within the
B)
contraction of the
C)
reduction of blood pressure within the
D)
volume of blood within the
E)
amount of |
|
Definition
D)
volume of blood within the |
|
|
Term
What is the function of the scrotum?
A)
secretes chemicals into the male reproductive track during emission
B)
keeps the temperature of the testes less than body temperature for normal sperm development
C)
transports sperm from testes to penis
D)
contains vascular spaces that become engorged with blood to induce an erection
E)
provides blood flow to the erectile tissue |
|
Definition
B)
keeps the temperature of the testes less than body temperature for normal sperm development |
|
|
Term
What secretes an alkaline fluid containing fructose, enzymes, and prostaglandins into the ejaculatory duct?
A)
prostate gland
B)
seminal vesicle
C)
bulbourethral gland
D)
Sertoli cell
E)
epididymis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ________ in males.
A)
promoting spermatogenesis
B)
growth of accessory reproductive organs
C)
stimulating ejaculation
D)
secretion of chemicals from Sertoli cells that stimulate sperm maturation
E)
secretion of androgens from the Leydig cells |
|
Definition
E)
secretion of androgens from the Leydig cells |
|
|
Term
Inhibin is secreted from the ________ and acts to reduce the secretion of ________.
A)
anterior pituitary : FSH
B)
Leydig cells : follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C)
Sertoli cells : FSH
D)
hypothalamus : luteinizing hormone (LH)
E)
Leydig cells : LH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Erectile function requires an increase in ________, whereas ejaculation involves increases in ________.
A)
sympathetic nervous activity : parasympathetic nervous activity
B)
parasympathetic nervous activity : sympathetic nervous activity
C)
myogenic dilation of vessels within erectile tissue : myogenic constriction of the vas deferens
D)
parasympathetic nervous activity : myogenic constriction of the vas deferens
E)
myogenic dilation of vessels within erectile tissue : sympathetic |
|
Definition
B)
parasympathetic nervous activity : sympathetic nervous activity |
|
|
Term
Which of the following structures does NOT contract during ejaculation?
A)
vas deferens
B)
ejaculatory duct
C)
erectile tissue
D)
epididymis
E)
skeletal muscles at the base of the penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of the granulosa cells?
A)
secretion of a substance that forms the zona pellucida
B)
secretion of paracrines that support follicle development
C)
secretion of androgen-binding protein
D)
secretion of estrogens
E)
secretion of inhibin |
|
Definition
C)
secretion of androgen-binding protein |
|
|
Term
Fertilization usually occurs in the ________.
A)
cervical canal
B)
uterus
C)
ovary
D)
uterine tube
E)
vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The second meiotic division in oogenesis will occur once ________.
A)
stimulated by the first polar body
B)
the female reaches puberty
C)
the ovum reaches the uterine tube
D)
the ovum is released from the ovary
E)
the ovum has been fertilized |
|
Definition
E)
the ovum has been fertilized |
|
|
Term
The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with what phase of the uterine cycle?
A)
both proliferative and secretory phases
B)
secretory phase only
C)
both menstrual and proliferative phases
D)
proliferative phase only
E)
menstrual phase only |
|
Definition
C)
both menstrual and proliferative phases |
|
|
Term
The hormonal trigger for menstruation involves a ________.
A)
drop in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH)
B)
reduction of plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C)
reduction of inhibin secretion
D)
loss of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum
E)
loss of estrogen secretion from the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
D)
loss of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is TRUE of Sertoli cells, but not granulosa cells?
A)
secretes androgen-binding protein
B)
secretes paracrines that support gamete development
C)
provides nutrients for developing gametes
D)
forms a barrier between the fluid surrounding the gamete and blood
E)
secretes inhibin |
|
Definition
A)
secretes androgen-binding protein |
|
|
Term
________ cells are responsible for secreting pepsinogen into the lumen of the stomach.
A)
G
B)
Neck
C)
Parietal
D)
Chief
E)
Goblet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do parietal cells secrete?
A)
hydrogen ions only
B)
pepsinogen only
C)
both hydrogen ions and intrinsic factor
D)
intrinsic factor only
E)
both hydrogen ions and pepsinogen |
|
Definition
C)
both hydrogen ions and intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
Once the chyme begins to enter the duodenum, it must first be ________ before any of the enzymes in the pancreatic juices can be activated.
A)
dehydrated
B)
neutralized
C)
phosphorylated
D)
hydrated
E)
acidified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What protects the stomach wall from the acidic lumenal contents?
A)
a layer of parietal cells
B)
a layer of adipose tissue lining the gastric mucosa
C)
the presence of rugae
D)
the gastric coat
E)
the gastric mucosal barrier |
|
Definition
E)
the gastric mucosal barrier |
|
|
Term
A lacteal is a ________ located in ________.
A)
nerve : myenteric plexus
B)
patch of immune tissue : submucosa
C)
nerve : submucosal plexus
D)
capillary : villus
E)
lymphatic vessel : villus |
|
Definition
E)
lymphatic vessel : villus |
|
|
Term
________ are enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas to degrade fats.
A)
Amylases
B)
Nucleases
C)
Lipases
D)
Digases
E)
Proteases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The digestion of proteins begins in the ________ with the activation of the zymogen ________.
A)
small intestine : chymotrypsinogen
B)
stomach : pepsinogen
C)
small intestine : trypsinogen
D)
stomach : procarboxypeptidase
E)
mouth : pepsinogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In order to begin the process of fat digestion, the fat globules must be ________.
A)
emulsified by trypsin
B)
coalesced by bile salts
C)
emulsified by bile salts
D)
emulsified by lipases
E)
coalesced by lipase |
|
Definition
C)
emulsified by bile salts |
|
|
Term
Emulsification aids in the digestion of fats by ________.
A)
increasing the number of fat globules
B)
the ability of bile salts to activate lipases that digest fats
C)
beginning the process of degrading the triglycerides within the fat globule
D)
increasing the number of hydrophobic residues on the surface of the fat globule
E)
increasing the surface area of the fat globule exposed to enzymes |
|
Definition
E)
increasing the surface area of the fat globule exposed to enzymes |
|
|
Term
Once the degradation products of triglycerides have entered the epithelial cells that line the small intestines, they ________.
A)
are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged by the Golgi apparatus into chylomicrons
B)
cross the basolateral membrane and enter the circulation where they will be embedded into a chylomicron
C)
are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged by the Golgi apparatus into micelles
D)
are further degraded to glycerol and a free fatty acid, which are packaged by the Golgi apparatus into chylomicrons
E)
are reassembled into triglycerides and released into the blood where they can be incorporated into chylomicrons |
|
Definition
A)
are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged by the Golgi apparatus into chylomicrons |
|
|
Term
The central component of the long reflex pathway typically involves the ________ nervous system, which acts to promote an increase in gastrointestinal activity.
A)
enteric
B)
somatic
C)
sympathetic
D)
parasympathetic
E)
intrinsic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The secretion of cholecystokinin is primarily regulated by ________.
A)
protein digestion products and fat
B)
opening of the pyloric sphincter
C)
acid and amino acid content of the chyme
D)
carbohydrate digestion products
E)
distention of the duodenum |
|
Definition
A)
protein digestion products and fat |
|
|
Term
The secretion of secretin is primarily regulated by ________.
A)
opening of the pyloric sphincter
B)
carbohydrate digestion products
C)
protein digestion products and fat
D)
acid content of the duodenum
E)
distention of the duodenum |
|
Definition
D)
acid content of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
The ________ stimulates the motility of the ileum in the presence of chyme in the stomach.
A)
colonocolonic reflex
B)
ileogastric reflex
C)
gastrocolic reflex
D)
intestino-intestinal reflex
E)
gastroileal reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The defecation reflex is stimulated by ________.
A)
peristaltic contraction of the sigmoid colon
B)
distention of the descending colon
C)
pressure on the internal anal sphincter
D)
distention of the rectum
E)
increase in osmolarity of the rectum |
|
Definition
E)
increase in osmolarity of the rectum |
|
|
