Discovered that cowpox could protect people from smallpox

    First to disprove the concept of spontaneous generation using jars of meat

1.      First to recommend that doctors wash their hands to prevent spread of infection

   Found the first agent that could be used to treat infection

1.      Koch’s postulates are a set of 4 criteria that must be satisfied in proving that a disease is caused by a particular microorganism. Which of the following is not one of the criteria?

    The microorganism must be transmitted from a diseased person to an animal or another person.

1      What is the major disadvantage of observing a wet mount under a microscope?

     There is a poor contrast between the cells and the background.

cells appear dark against a bright background.

uses ultraviolet light rather than visible light.

  different parts of the cell refract light as different angles, enabling the internal structure to be seen.

With what gram stain what color are gram-positive bacteria?

Blue

Red – gram (-)

      maintains osmotic pressure inside the bacteria cell.

   functions in attachment to host tissue.

     a small molecule of DNA.

   Clusters 

  Lipid A and O-oligosaccharide (O antigen) are components of:

   Lipopolysaccharide

1.      What happens when bacterial flagella rotate in a counterclockwise direction?

  The flagella work independently of another causing erratic movement.

   Which of the following is not true?

    Spores are produced during the log phase of bacterial growth.

     Which type of solution will cause a cell to loose water and shrivel?

  Hypertonic

    requires neither energy nor a transport protein

  H ions are released out of the cell and re-enter through ATP synthase.

 Acetyl CoA is metabolized to CO_2.

  this path is NOT completed in the absence of Oxygen.

What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

      Inorganic compound

  What is ATP?

  Source of energy in a cell

1.      What are the 3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that were discussed in class?

ü  Prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear envelope

ü  Prokaryotic do not have cytoplasmic organelles.

ü  Prokaryotic cells have 705 ribosomes; while eukaryotic cells have 80 ribosomes.

1-      Lag phase

2-      Log phase

3-      Stationary phase

4-      Death phase

   Why are obligate anaerobes unable to grow in presence of oxygen? 

They do not have superoxide dismutase that neutralizes oxygen radicals.

Which of the following can be sterilized in dry heat?

       Metals and glassware

      kill bacteria by denaturing proteins