Term
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Definition
RBC:4-5F, 4.5-6M
transport 02 and c02
assist in acid-base balance |
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Term
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Definition
12-16F, 13.5-18M
protein-iron compound
binds and transports 02 and c02 |
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Term
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Definition
RBC production
stimulated by hypoxia
controlled by release of erythropoetin from kidneys
Synthetic form: epigen and procrit-given during dialysis |
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Term
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Definition
destruction of erythrocytes
removes old/abnormal/defective RBC
occurs in marrow, liver, spleen
results in increased bilirubin |
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Term
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Definition
platlets: 150k-400k
hemostasis: clotting process
forms plug when there is capillary damage |
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Term
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Definition
produces RBC prenatally
filters old/defective erythrocytes
recycles iron
stores 30% platelets
immune function |
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Term
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Definition
filter
produces procoagulants
stores excess iron |
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Term
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Definition
carries fluid from interstitial spaces to blood
returns proteins, fats, hormones to circulation
helps prevent edema
Should either be unpalpable or firm, mobile,small, nontender |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in RBC, HGB, HCT, WBC, platelets |
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Term
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Definition
platelet count of less than 150k
if less than 50k-bleeding profusely over small injury
<20k, spontaneous hemmorage
ITP: immune thrombocytopenia
TTP: thrombotic thromocytopenic purpura
HITTS: heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombis syndrome |
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Term
|
Definition
1-20F, 1-15M
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
elevated due to inflammatory process
can rule out autoimmune disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
usually iliac crest
diagnosing hematologic conditions
hold pressure 5-10 mins, conscious sedation, sterile dressing, lie on operative side 30-60 mins on firm surface |
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Term
|
Definition
palpitations, dyspnea on exertion, fatigue (PDF)
HGB <6- Angina, tachycardia, CHF, MI |
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Term
| Fe (Iron) deficiency anemia |
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Definition
inadequate intake, malabsorption, blood loss
2ml of blood contains 1mg Fe
PDF, glossitis, chelitis, HA, paresthesias, burning sensation of tongue
labs-decreased H/H, serum iron
treat underlying cause, replace Fe |
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Term
|
Definition
insufficient production of Hgb
T.Minor-asymptomatic, no treatment
T.Major-develops in childhood. PDF, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, downs appearance from thickening of cranium and maxillary cavity, jaundice
Transfusions to keep hgb 10, chelation, zinc, splenectomy
most die of cardiac problems due to elevated iron from transfusions |
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Term
|
Definition
dietary deficiency or lack of gastric intrinsic factor
sore tongue, anorexia, n/v, abd pain, weakness, parethesias, impaired thought process
large RBC, decreased H/H, decreased cobalamin
shilling test or neg. gastric acid =IF deficiency
encourage nutrition, IM admin. cobalamin |
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Term
|
Definition
poor nutrition, malabsoprtion, drugs, ETOH, hemodialysis
sore tongue, anorexia, n/v, abd pain, low serum folate, PDF, dyspepsia, beefy tongue
Folic acid po, dietary changes |
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Term
|
Definition
pancytopenia, PDF
figure out cause, supoprt, stem-cell transplant, immunosupressive therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
sudden hemorrhage
s/s based on amount lost
decreased HGB/HCT
replace blood volume, identify cause, NS or LR, albumin, supplemental Fe |
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Term
| Anemia: Chronic blood loss |
|
Definition
ulcers, gastritis, hemorrhoids, menstrual loss
treat cause, stop bleeding, supplemental Fe |
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Term
|
Definition
intrinsic: usually hereditary
extrinsic: antibody mediated, toxins, mechanical injury |
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Term
|
Definition
Autosomal recessive, intrinsic
deformed cells when hypoxic
incurable-usually fatal by middle age due to renal and pulm. failure
mild anemia, pain, jaundice, kidney failure, spleen disorder, heptomegaly, leg ulcers, priapism, fatigue
sickledex-exposes RBC to deoxygenation agent |
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Term
|
Definition
vaso-occlusion, pain, shock, fever, swelling, tachypnea,HTN, N/V, can be fatal
may be caused by infection or dehydration
o2, pain meds, bed rest, fluids, transfusion, hydrea, teaching |
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Term
|
Definition
increased intestinal iron absorption and increased tissue iron deposition
liver enlargement and cirrhosis
skin changes, cardiac changes, arthritis, testicular atrophy
elevated Fe, TIBC, serum ferritin
remove iron (blood) |
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Term
|
Definition
increased RBC
Primary: chromosomal mutation
increased RBC, Platlets, WBC-congestion of organs
Secondary: caused by hypoxia
care: reduce blood volume, hydrate, myelosuppresive agents, maintain 02, I's and 0's, ROM to prevent thrombus |
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Term
| Immune thromocytopenic purpura (ITP) |
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Definition
platelets coated with antibodies the spleen will destroy
platlets only survive 1-3 days
corticosteroids, splenectomy, immunoglobulin,danzole, immunnosuppresive drugs
avoid NSAIDS |
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Term
| Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) |
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Definition
coagulation occurs,bleeding occurs
hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neuro abnormalities, fever in absence of infection, renal abnormalities
caused by: drug tox, preg, infection, lupus, scleroderma
treat underlying cause, corticosteroids, plasma exchange, splenectomy, immunosupressants |
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Term
| Heparin induced thromocytopenia and thrombis syndrome (HITTS) |
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Definition
immune response to heparin promotes platelet destruction as well as platelet-fibrin thrombi
suspect if: platlets drip 50% from baseline or PTT decrease
d/c heparin, start on refludan/argatroban/arixtra/ coumadin once plt >100k
plasmapherisis
protamine sulfate |
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Term
| Hemophilia and von willebrands |
|
Definition
A-lacks factor VIII and fibrinogen (80%)
B-lacks factor IX and fibrinogen
VW-deficiency of VW coagulation protein
s/s-prolonged bleeding, hematuria, gi bleed, splenic rupture, ecchymoses and hematomas, hemarthrosis
dx-unaffected Prothrombin time, thrombin time, platlets. PTT prolonged
prevent bleeding, replace clotting factors DDAVP (A and VW), gene therapy |
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Term
| Desseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
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Definition
coagulopathy. Inflammatory response, immune system fals, coagulation system overreacts
causes- shock, septicemia, hemolytic processes, obstetric conditions, tissue damage, malignancy, liver disease, autoimmune
microemboli occur, depletion of clotting factors cause uncontrolled bleeding
s/s-microemboli, embolis formation and travel, bleeding,+d-dimer, thromocytopenia, decreased fibrinogen, PT, PTT prolonged
treat underlying cause
heparin |
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Term
| Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) |
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Definition
change the quantity and quality of bone marrow elements
abnormal cells take over bone marrow
results in anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
procrit, chemo, stem cell transplants, antibiodic, Vidaza |
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Term
|
Definition
| immature hematopoietic cells (fast) |
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Term
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Definition
| mature WBC, gradual onset, slow |
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Term
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) |
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Definition
uncontrolled proliferation of myeloblasts
hyperplasia of bone marrow and spleen |
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Term
| Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) |
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Definition
children
immature lymphocytes proliferate in the bone marrow
fever, bleeding
CNS manifestations |
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Term
| chronic Myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
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Definition
excessive mature neoplastic granulocytes in bone marrow
genetic marker: philadelphia chromosome |
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Term
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) |
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Definition
production and accumulation of functionally inactive. long lived, mature appearing lymphocytes
b cell involvement
pain and paralysis |
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Term
|
Definition
b lymphocyes that infiltrate bone marrow and liver
hairy looking cells
splenomegaly, pancytopenia, infection, vasculitis |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| clinical manifestations of leukemia |
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Definition
| bone marrow failure, anemia, thrombocytopenia, decreased WBC, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone pain, meningeal irritation, oral lesions, masses |
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Term
| leukemia diagnostic studies |
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Definition
peripheral blood evaluation
bone marrow evaluation |
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Term
|
Definition
chemotherapy
stem cell transplant |
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Term
|
Definition
malignant neoplasms originating in the bone marrow nad lymphatic structures
dx-blood analysis, lymph node biopsy, BM exam, chest xray, radioisotope studies, ct/pet scan, lymphangiongram
tx-chemo, bio therapy, radiation, BMT, stem cell transplant
Nursing: manage pancytopenia, pain, support |
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Term
|
Definition
proliferation of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells
sign-reed-sternberg cells in lymph nodes
s/s-lymphadenopathy, fatigue, tachycardia, bone pain, ETOH induced pain, B symptoms-fever, night sweats, weight loss,
hepatomegaly, splenomagaly, superior vena cava syndrome, spinal cord compression |
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Term
|
Definition
malignancy of immune system in which lymphocytes arrested in various stages of development
lymph node enlargement
spreads quickly-renal, liver, airway obstruction, cardiac tamponade, neuro sx
poor prognosis |
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Term
|
Definition
neoplastic plasma cells infiltrate BM and destroy bone
skeletal pain, osteoporosis, spinal cord compression, pathologic fracture, hypercalcemia, elevated protein, pancytopenia
dx-presence of monoclonal antibody, pancytopenia, elevated creatinine, + Urine bence jones protein, xray, BM analysis
tx-chemo, radiation, bio, stem cell, drugs
nursing:weight bearing, hydration, braces, pain |
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