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| Ghost of Competition Past |
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Definition
| Interspecific competition, acting as an evolutionary force in the past, has often left its mark on the behavior, distribution, or morphology of species even when there is no present-day competition between them. Proposed by Connell. |
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| Plankton are all competing for the same, limited, resources (e.g. light and nutrients), but instead of a single species gaining dominance from competitive advantage(s), the continually changing conditions of their habitat (e.g. changes in the light gradient, turbulence, tides) make it so no one species has prolonged competive advantages over others. Equilibrium will not be met. Prposed by E. Hutchinson. |
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| Side-by-side evolution of two species to keep up with changing environmental conditions. Coevolution can be mutualistic or antagonistic. |
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| A parasite that either directly or indirectly causes the death of its host, such as the brain parasite, the "California Killifish," which kills two out of three of its hosts. |
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| Population in which local, or subpopulations, are interconnected by limited dispersal and have their own population dynamics, birth rates, and death rates. In a metapopulation, local populations can increase or decrease in population, without affecting the total meta-population. |
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| Consists of an entire community of organisms, with the abiotic factors (i.e. physical and chemical) and their interactions. |
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| Live in salt water, but spawn in freshwater (e.g. Salmon, Striped Bass, and Shad). |
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| Live in freshwater, but spawn in salt water (e.g. eels). |
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| Feed and breed in salt water, but in different locations (e.g. Blue fin tuna and sailfish). |
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The study of the relationship between climate and the timing of ecological events
ex. the date of arrival of migratory birds on their wintering grounds |
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| Under intermediate conditions, the species establishing itself in greater numbers first generally wins out in competition |
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Two species that occur apart from each other.
Ex. Finches occuring on Daphne Major and Los Hermanos Islands |
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Two species that accur together
Ex. Finches on the island of Santa Cruz |
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| Successive reproductive events |
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| Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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| One population drives another to ecological extinction; complete competitors cannot exist. |
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| Set of resources (e.g. energy, material, sites) used by an individual, population, and/or species. |
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| Limited spectrum of conditions, within the potential niche, where an organism persists due to ecological interactions. |
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| Long term competition among similar species leads to separation of size and resource exploitation. |
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| Number alive at age x (n0 = number alive at birth) |
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Proportion of organisms surviving at the start of age x (l0=1, will decline)
lx=nx/n0 |
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Number dying between the age interval x to x+1
dx=nx-nx+1 |
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Per capita rate of mortality during age interval x to x+1
qx=dx/nx |
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Net Reproductive Rate
=εlxbx |
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| Max instantaneous rate of increase realized |
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(dN/dt) = rN((K-N)/K)
Rate of increase in a population per unit time = Intrinsic rate of growth X Population size X Unutilized opportunity for population growth |
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Study of why populations change; link between ecology and evolution (natural selection is the end result of ecology in action).
Malthus |
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| Scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organsims (Krebs, 1994). The study of ecology is an interdisciplinary science. |
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| Population connectiviy (three scales) |
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Definition
Dependence of production and population dynamics on dispersal and migration among multiple habitats, regions, or seas. Determines patterns of dispesal and migration at relevant scales during ontogeny.
Habitat Scale: m->km, ecosystem connectivity
*Parrotfish in Hawaii among coral reefs*
Bay/Estuary/Island Scale: 10->100km, cross-shelf to bay/island connectivity
Basin Scale: 100->1000+km, HMS across seas or the ocean
*Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in the Mediteranean and Gulf of Mexcio, connectivity studied by natural, chemical otolith tagging* |
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m->km, ecosystem connectivity
*Parrotfish in Hawaii among coral reefs*
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10->100km, cross-shelf to bay/island connectivity
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100->1000+km, HMS across seas or the ocean
*Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in the Mediteranean and Gulf of Mexcio, connectivity studied by natural, chemical otolith tagging*
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| Population assessments based on number (density) |
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| Population assessments based on biomass or percent cover (colonial organisms) |
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Equal probablility of occurring anywhere
Neutral interactions |
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| Regular Spatial Structure |
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Definition
Uniformly spaced through environment
Antagonistic interactions |
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| Clumped Spatial Structure |
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Definition
In areas of high local abudance, separated by areas of low abundance
Attraction (of individuals or to a resource) |
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| Two approaches to estimate population density |
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Definition
1) Absolute Density- # per unit area or volume
2) Relative Density- Site A > Site B |
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A method of measuring density
Capture, mark, release, recapture
marked animals (sample 2)/total caught (sample 2)
=
marked (sample 1)/Total Population Size |
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| # of organisms produced per female per unit time |
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| # of viable offspring produced |
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| Potential reproductive capacity |
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Direct: Obsering how many known individuals survive from time t-t+1
Indirect: Catch Curves; estimated by decline in relative abundance over time |
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| Why do organisms use different habitats at different life stages? |
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Definition
1. Minimize competition i.e. adults and juveniles
2. There are differences in physiological tolerances
3. Ontogenetic differences in food and habitat type/quality
4. Minimize predation pressre
Maximize reproductive success
Minimize predation risk per unit food consumed
Maximize Growth:Mortality (G:Z) |
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| Why do bluefin tuna swim long distances to spawn in the Gulf of Mexico? |
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Definition
| Growth of the larvae occurs in the GOM because they can grow faster in the warmer water |
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| Why should we care about large-scale movement? |
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Definition
It can help identify spawning grounds.
Can seek a correlation between natural phenomenon or anthropogenic effects.
Can increase international compliance of conservation efforts. |
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Pop up Archival Tag
3 common sensors:
depth (pressure)
temperature
light (can determine day patterns) |
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| Of the two Flower Garden Banks, East and West, if only one could be protected, which on should it be and why? |
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| The West Bank should be protected (MPA:Marine Protected Area), despite having overall lower biomass, because it is the source of local larval populations. The East Bank is the sink. |
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| Idividual Based Model: Gives unique characteristics to each virtual larvae |
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| How do larvae maximize local retention? |
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Definition
Through pseudo-active vertical movement, larvae can avoid outgoing surface currents and maximize local retention via the return flow caused by upwelling (e.g. larvae test off the shore of Barbados).
As seen in a flow chamber test, late stage larvae can modify dispersal by sustained swimming durations (200-280 hours). |
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| Bulk current moving things |
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| Random mixing just spread out |
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| Explain the importance of mangroves to early stage of patch reef fishes (Belieze). |
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Definition
1. Species settled in seagrass beds
2. Intermediate mangrove habitats where cut down
3. Patch reef fish without the mangrove stage where 6 cm shorter in length than those with the mangrove stage
4. This led to greater predation on the fish without the mangrove stage
5. Grunts and Snapper with mangroves saw almost 500% increase in biomass |
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Definition
1. Food supply
2. Space availability
3. Density-Dependent Mortality (disease and parasitism; cannibalism) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Resource Competition-competition for the same resource in short supply (e.g. food, space, and light).
2. Interference Competition-competition where organisms harm one another (i.e. antagonistic encounters such as mating). |
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Definition
dN1/dt=r1N1((K1-N1-α12N2)/K1)
As you increase population size of species 1, rate declines for species 1.
As you increase population size for species 2, rate declines for species 1 |
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| 4 Outcomes of Competition |
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Definition
1. Species I wins
2. Species II wins
3. Temporary equilibrium, where one species will eventually win
4. Equilibrium, under a given set of conditions |
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