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| The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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| A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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| a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
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| a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
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| the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
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| a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
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| a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
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| What is order of Drive-reduction theory? |
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| Need(water)-->Drive (thirst)-->Drive-reducing behaviors(drinking) |
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| what is hierarchy of needs and who came up with it |
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| (1970) Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active physiological->safety->belongingness and love->Esteem->self-actualization |
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| a general level of activation; activity in brain, level of sensory stimulation etc. |
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| People behave in ways to keep their arousal at OPTIMUM levels...Boredom leads to motivation to increase arousal |
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| Your body will react physically when you are hungry (Washburn's experiment swallowing balloon and measuring hunger vs stomach contractions |
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| What happened when stomachs of rats were removed? |
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| Rats continued to eat and be hungry; there are other appetite hormones that initiate hunger as well as the hypothalamus |
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| Stomach, appetite hormones including:insulin, leptin, orexin, ghrelin, obestatin, PYY, lateral hypothalamus |
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| Lateral Hypothalamus vs. Ventromedial Hypothalamus |
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LH-brings on hunger (reduction of blood glucose in rats stimulates orexin, which leads rats to eat ravenously)
VH-depresses hunger |
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| secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose |
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| secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase matabolism and decrease hunger |
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| hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus |
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| secreted by empty stomach; sends out "I'm hungry" signals to brain |
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| secreted by stomach; sends out "I'm full" signals to brain |
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| digestive tract hormone; sends out "I'm not hungry" to brain |
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the point at which an individuals "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Manipulating the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus alters this "thermostat" |
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| the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
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| Example of culture affecting eating |
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| Hot cultures like hot spices |
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| eating disorder in which a person (usually adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve |
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| eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise |
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| significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa |
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| Eating behavior is determined by three influences: |
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| Biological, psychological, social-cultural |
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| We store energy in fat cells, which become larger and more numerous if we are obese, and smaller (but still more numerous) if we then lose weight |
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