Term
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Definition
| -responses we make in order to master, tolerate, or reduce stress. |
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Term
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Definition
-Problem Focused= changes the troubling situation (solve the problem)
-Emotional Focused= changes ones appraisal of situation (can't solve, takes control) |
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Term
| Educational Self fulfilling Prophecies |
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Definition
| -the effects of teacher expectations= -children of lower socioeconomic status and minority children are common victims -teachers do not believe they can learn ,do not motivate them to learn so studens end up believing the same. |
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Term
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Definition
| -inner states and process that prompt, direct, and sustain activity. |
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Term
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Definition
-Intrinsic= because you want to
-Extrinsic= because you know you'll get something out of it. |
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Term
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Definition
-our perception of who or what is responsible for the outcome of events and behaviors in our lives.
-internal= own fault
-external= chance/luck |
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Term
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Definition
| -an excessive, persistent, and maladaptive fear response. |
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Term
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Definition
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
-exhibit a range of psychological stress symptoms and behavioral and symptoms. Caused from a traumatic experience. |
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Term
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Definition
-favorable evaluation of oneself.
-strong correlation between success and self-esteem, which led to the debate about global self-esteem versus earned self-esteem. |
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Term
| Influences on Self-Esteem |
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Definition
-Parental effects that increase self-esteem= accepting, enforced clear defined limits, respect for children's rights.
-Age/Sex= girls under 13 have higher self-esteem than boys, adolescent boys have higher self-esteem than adolescent girls. |
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Term
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Definition
-Psychologist view stress as a process of involving the recognition of a response to a threat of danger.
-Factors associated with impact of stress and ability to cope= childs temperament, developmental factors, situational factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| -a system of negative conceptions, feelings, and actions regarding the members of a particular religious or racial-ethnic group. |
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Term
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Definition
-rate of student learning
-the retention of information
-performance |
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Term
| 4th Psychosocial Stage of Industry Vs. Inferiority (Erikson) |
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Definition
-increase in curiousity and desire to master new task
-positive conflict resolution= sense of competence
-children who are not given a chance to try things are more likely to feel inferior |
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Term
| Self-Esteem - Age/Gender/Trends |
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Definition
-as girls get older self esteem lowers
-as boys get older self esteem highers
-girls have better body image under 13 years old
-boys have better body image over 13 years old |
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Term
| Emotion/Coping with Anger, Stress, Fear and Trauma |
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Definition
-boys are more likely to act aggressively
-girls are more likely to attend to behaviors intent, social cues, and are not as aggressive
-younger children report more fears at higher intensity than older children
-adolescent females report more fears at greater intensity than males,but intensity decreases over time. |
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Term
| Divorces' Affect on Children |
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Definition
-age
-degree of parental conflict
-gender
-nature of custody
-resources |
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Term
| Psychological Tasks for a Child During Divorce |
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Definition
-accept
-get back into routine
-resolve loss of family
-resolve anger and self blame;forgive
-accept permanance of divorce
-believe in relationship |
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Term
| Social Environment in Middle Childhood |
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Definition
-children can exercise independence from adult control
-experience relationships in an equal footing with others
-allows for aquisition of status and realization of identity
-peer groups result in informal knowledge
-gender cleavage, physically attractivens (culturally defined, related to popularity)
-popular: successful, outgoing or
-unpopular: introverted, aggressive, overbearing
-bullying public health problem |
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Term
| School Performance, Social Class, Ethnicity |
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Definition
-higher socioeconomic status=
-greater number of grades completed
-greater participation in extracurricular activities
-higher score on achievement tests
-lower rates of suspensions and dropping out
-the educational self-fulfilling prophecy may play role |
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Term
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Definition
| -a serious eating disorder that primarily affects females. |
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Term
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Definition
| -binge and purge eating behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| -the dissimilarity in the growth rates of different parts of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Piaget says adolescents learn to view things from others perspectives and their own. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-story we make up
-ex. "no one understands how hard my life is." |
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Term
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Definition
-worried about what everyone expects from us, and how we look or think.
-ex. "what will they think if I wear this." |
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Term
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Definition
| -the period in the life cycle when sexual and reproductive maturation becomes evident. |
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Term
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Definition
| -harmful use of various drugs, or alcohol lasting over a prolonged period that puts oneself or others in hazardous situations. |
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Term
| Onset of Puberty in Girls |
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Definition
-Ethological Theory: onset of puberty is influenced by social environment to enhance reproductive success.
-Dangerous environment provokes early reproductive readiness, frequent conceptions and limited parental investment (supported by correlation research) |
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Term
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Definition
-physical changes
-additional wieght and sized to to increase in muscle mass |
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Term
| Adolescent Physical Development |
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Definition
-puberty=sexual and reproductive maturation begins and becomes evident.
-Pituitary gland stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males. |
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Term
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Definition
-pruning of gray matter
-connections between brain regions increase
-some structures grow (ex. prefrontal cortex) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Girls= higher rate of depression, substance abuse, eating disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Boys= feelings of inadequacy, negative self concept and rejection. Feelings tend to persist into adulthood. |
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Term
| Major Health Concerns During Adolescence |
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Definition
-eating disorders
-smoking
-alcohol and substances abuse
-STD's
-Teen Pregnancy
-Mental Health Issues
-Body Art |
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Term
| Period of Formal Operations (Piaget) |
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Definition
-ability to think of ones own thinking
-ability to imagine many possibilities inherent in a situation.
-systematic and logic thought
-begin thinking about their future and nature of society in an idealistic manner
-egocentrism is relfected |
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Term
| Characteristics of Moral Development During Adolescene |
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Definition
-Development of political thinking , increase in abstract thinking
-realization that laws are social contracts that can change through democratic process |
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Term
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Definition
| -passage of childhood to adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| -standardize ways of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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Term
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Definition
| -emotional state usually prolonged feelings of gloom, despair, and futility and tendency forward excessive guilt and self approach. |
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Term
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Definition
| -identity is defined as a sense of well-being achieved by being comfortable in one's body, by knowing where one is going and by being recognized by significant others. |
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Term
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Definition
| -a debased self-image and social rate |
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Term
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Definition
| -lifestyle at odds with or atleast not supported by the values oand expectations of society |
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Term
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Definition
-adolescent emotions extreme and contradictory.
-inevitable turmoil, rebellion, dependency conflicts and peer-group conformity.
-results in physical and sexual maturation |
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Term
| Identity Vs. Identity Confusion |
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Definition
-who am i? what do i stand for? who do I want to be?
-peer group provieds social feedback
-results in preoccupation with the way they are seen by others |
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Term
| Types of Identity Formation(Marcia) |
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Definition
-diffusion= no exploration, no commitment.
-foreclosure= commitment, without exploration
-moratorium= active exploration, no commitment
-achievement= commitment, exploration |
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Term
| Gulligan's Findings on Adolescent Self Esteem |
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Definition
| -Gilligan finds that adolescent girls begin to doubt the authority of their own inner voices and feelings and their commitment to meaningful relationships. |
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Term
| Pipher and Gurian's Findings on Identity Formation |
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Definition
Pipher Females:
-our culture is destroying the identity and self esteem in young girls
-girls became more self critical and depressed
-become less optomistic and lose resiliency and assertiveness
Gurian Males:
-mentors are critical for healthy emotional-social development
-without positive male role models and adult support, boys are at risk of gang activity, crim and sexual misconduct etc. |
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Term
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Definition
-Reducing unsafe sexual behaviors:
1.public health/preventative medicine perspective
2.conservative moral view
3.economic approach
4.social contagion view |
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Term
| Sexuality-Differing Behavior Patterns |
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Definition
| -higher rates of sexual intercourse for adolescents in single-parent families(less parental supervision,sexual behavior may be modeled,permissive attitudes from parents) |
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Term
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Definition
-direction of a person's emotional and sexual attraction
-factors that seem to play a role in sexual orientation(genetics, brain structure,hormones)
-indepth analysis of 1,00 homosexuals concluded: homosexuality is not due to unpleasant hetersexual experiences nor to abnormal relationships between parent and child
-homosexuality is no longer considered a disorder by psychologist
-vicitmization of homosexuals is the most common kind of bias-related violence |
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Term
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Definition
-Alcohol and Drugs
-Recreational Drug use is central to many adolescent peer groups
-Observing peers engage in drug use without apparent adverse effects results in disbelief in anti-drug campaigns |
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Term
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Definition
-3rd leading cause of adolescent death
-depression is major risk factor
-prevention= strongest risk factor is fire arm at home
-treatment with psychotherapy and antidepressants |
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