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| individual country les that 1000 square miles; ex. Lichtenstein (between Switzerland and Slovenia; banking center) and Monaco (surrounded by France and the Mediterranean; tourism) |
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| all educated and business people learned to speak; rural people and slaves did not learn |
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| areas unhappy with the country they are a part of; want to separate from country and become more powerful as themselves |
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| forces that unite and bind a country together such as a strong national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith |
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| forces that tend to divide a country such as internal religions, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences |
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| rapid growth of the world’s human population during the past century, attended by accelerated rates of increase |
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| country’s largest city; ranking atop the urban hierarchy, most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well |
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| venture involving three or more states; political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives; ex. European Union |
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| supranational organization constituted by 25 European countries to further their common economic interests |
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| Polish, Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Croat, Bulgarian, Russian |
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| Irish, Scottish, Gaelic, Welsh |
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| German, English, Dutch, Danish, Swedish |
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| a state in southern Germany, formerly an independent kingdom; capital, Munich |
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| the capital of Germany; At the end of World War II, the city was occupied by the Allies and divided into two parts: West and East. Between 1961 and 1989, the Wall separated the two parts, which were reunited in 1990 |
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| a city in southeastern Germany, capital of Bavaria |
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| Dresden, Leipzin, Chemnitz; metropolitan area in Germany consisting of these cities |
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| a commercial city in western Germany, in the state of Hesse |
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| a port in northern Germany, on the Elbe River; by Charlemagne in the 9th century, it is now the largest port in Germany |
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| a river in western Europe. Rising in the Vosges Mountains in eastern France, it flows 150 miles (240 km) north to join the Mosel River in Germany, just east of the border with Luxembourg |
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| top industrial region in Germany; a river in western Germany that rises in the Black Forest and flows 228 miles (367 km) north and then west through Stuttgart to meet the Rhine River at Mannheim |
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| an industrial city in western Germany, the capital of Baden-Württemberg, on the Neckar River |
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| an industrial city in the Ruhr valley, in northwestern Germany; a region of coal mining and heavy industry in North Rhine-Westphalia, in western Germany |
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| the region of western Germany through which the Rhine River flows, esp. the part that is west of the river; industrial and university city |
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| a river in central Europe that flows for 720 miles from the Czech Republic through the German cities of Dresden, Magdeburg, and Hamburg to the North Sea |
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| forms the northern part of the border between Poland and Germany before flowing into the Baltic Sea |
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| the former independent nation created in 1949 from the area of Germany occupied by the Soviet Union after World War II. It was reunited after the fall of its communist government in 1990; German Democratic Republic |
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| Germany was occupied for a time by the victorious Allies and was partitioned. The part which was occupied by the U.S., Britain, and France or the Federal Republic of Germany |
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| a former shallow inlet of the North Sea, in the Netherlands. A dam across its entrance was completed in 1932, and since then large parts have been drained and reclaimed as polders. The remainder forms the IJsselmeer |
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| the capital of Belgium, in the central part of the country; the headquarters of the European Commission is located here |
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| a piece of low-lying land reclaimed from the sea or a river and protected by dikes (long walls or embankments built to prevent flooding from the sea), esp. in the Netherlands |
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| a port in northern Belgium, on the Scheldt River; by the 16th century, it was a leading European commercial and financial center |
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| a conurbation in northwestern Netherlands that stretches in a horseshoe shape from Dordrecht and Rotterdam around to Utrecht and Amersfoort via The Hague, Leiden, Haarlem, and Amsterdam. The majority of the people of the Netherlands live in this area |
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| a city in the Netherlands, at the mouth of the Meuse River, 15 miles (25 km) inland from the North Sea; it has extensive shipbuilding and petrochemical industries |
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| another name for the Netherlands |
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| the capital and largest city of the Netherlands; it is an important port and financial center, esp. known for its diamond industry |
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| a member of a people who speak a French dialect and live in southern and eastern Belgium and neighboring parts of France |
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| the Dutch language as spoken in Flanders, one of the two official languages of Belgium |
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| a forested upland region extending over parts of southeastern Belgium, northeastern France, and Luxembourg. It was the scene of fierce fighting in both world wars |
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| a mountain range in Italy that extends for 880 miles from the northwest to the southern tip of the country |
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| a region of central northern Italy, between the Alps and the Po River; Milan is it’s capital |
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| a region in northwestern Italy, in the foothills of the Alps; capital, Turin. It was the center of the movement for a united Italy in the 19th century |
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| a seaport on the northwestern coast of Italy, capital of Liguria region; it was the birthplace of Christopher Columbus |
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| the capital of Italy, situated in the west central part of the country, on the Tiber River, about 16 miles inland; According to tradition, the ancient city was founded by Romulus (after whom it is named) in 753 bc on the Palatine Hill; as it grew it spread to the other six hills |
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| a region of southwestern Italy, forming the “toe” of the Italian peninsula |
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| Naples – a city and port on the western coast of Italy; pop. 1,206,000. It was formerly the capital of the kingdom of Naples and Sicily |
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| a large Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea, off the southwestern tip of Italy; capital, Palermo. It is separated from the Italian mainland by the Strait of Messina. Its highest point is Mount Etna |
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| a large Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy; capital, Cagliari. In 1720 it was joined with Savoy and Piedmont to form the kingdom; the kingdom formed the nucleus of the Risorgimento, becoming part of a unified Italy under Victor Emmanuel II in 1861 |
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| an organized international body of criminals, operating originally in Sicily and now esp. in Italy and the U.S. and having a complex and ruthless behavioral code |
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| cultivation of grapevines |
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| the extreme southwestern peninsula of Europe that contains Spain and Portugal |
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| a range of mountains that extends along the border between France and Spain from the Atlantic coast to the Mediterranean Sea. Its highest peak is Pico de Aneto in northern Spain |
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| an autonomous region in northeastern Spain; capital, Barcelona. The region has a strong separatist tradition |
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| the southernmost region of Spain, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea; capital, Seville. The region was under Moorish rule from 711 to 149 |
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| a British dependency near the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula, at the eastern end of the Strait; Occupying a site of great strategic importance, it consists of a fortified town and a military base at the foot of a rocky headland; Britain captured it during the War of the Spanish Succession in 1704 and is responsible for its defense, external affairs, and internal security |
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| the capital and chief port of Portugal, on the Atlantic coast at the mouth of the Tagus River |
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| a group of volcanic islands in the Atlantic Ocean, west of Portugal, a possession of Portugal but partially autonomous; capital, Ponta Delgada |
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| a Greek island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea; capital, Heraklion. It is noted for the remains of the Minoan civilization that flourished here in the 2nd millennium BC; it played an important role in the Greek struggle for independence from the Turks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that resulted in it becoming administratively part of an independent Greece in 1913 |
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| of, relating to, or denoting a Bronze Age civilization centered on Crete; it had reaches its zenith by the beginning of the late Bronze Age; impressive remains reveal the existence of large urban centers dominated by palaces; also noted for its script and distinctive art and architecture |
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| a seaport in northeastern Greece, the second largest city in Greece and capital of the Greek region of Macedonia |
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| the capital of Greece, in the southern part of the country; A flourishing city-state in ancient Greece, it was an important cultural center in the 5th century BC. It came under Roman rule in 146 BC and fell to the Goths in ad 267. After its capture by the Turks in 1456, it declined to the status of a village until chosen as the capital of a newly independent Greece in 1834 |
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| island country in southeastern Europe, in the Mediterranean Sea; Official languages, Greek and Turkish |
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| the political union of Cyprus and Greece, as an aim or ideal of certain Greeks and Cypriots |
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| important naval base until independence in 1964; an island country in the central Mediterranean Sea, about 60 miles south of Sicily; capital, Valletta; official languages, Maltese and English; historically of great strategic importance |
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| a mountain system in Europe that extends in a curve from the coast of southeastern France through northwestern Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and southern Germany into Austria. The highest peak, Mont Blanc |
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| an Alpine pass at the border between Austria and Italy, on the route between Innsbruck and Bolzano |
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| an Alpine state in western Austria; capital, Innsbruck. The southern part was ceded to Italy after World War I |
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| the capital of Austria, in the northeastern part of the country on the Danube River; From 1278 to 1918 it was the seat of the Habsburgs and has long been a center of the arts, esp. music. Mozart, Beethoven, and the Strauss family were among the composers who lived and worked there |
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| the annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938. Hitler had forced the resignation of the Austrian chancellor by demanding that he admit Nazis into his Cabinet. The new chancellor, a pro-Nazi, invited German troops to enter the country on the pretext of restoring law and order |
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| a city in northern central Switzerland, on the Lake; The largest city in Switzerland, it is a major international financial center |
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| a region of north central France, incorporating the city of Paris |
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| a port on the Seine River in northwestern France; Joan of Arc was tried and burned at the stake here in 1431 |
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| a ridge with a gentle slope (dip) on one side and a steep slope (scarp) on the other |
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| a region and former province in northeastern France. It is noted for the white sparkling wine first produced here in about 1700; chief town is Reims where is was the traditional coronation place for most French kings and its noted for its fine 13th-cenury Gothic cathedral |
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| a region and former province in southwestern France, on the Bay of Biscay. It became an English possession as a result of the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry II in 1152 and remained so until 1453; port is Bordeaux on Garonne River |
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| a region of southern France, on the Mediterranean coast, extending from the Rhône delta to the border with Spain |
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| a region of northeastern France, between Champagne and the Vosges mountains. The modern region corresponds to the southern part which extended from the North Sea to Italy; chief town is Nancy |
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| coastal region with a subtropical climate and vegetation; a Mediterranean coastal region from Marseilles in France to La Spezia in Italy, noted for its beauty and climate, site of many resorts |
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| a former province of southeastern France, on the Mediterranean coast, east of the Rhône River, with the city and port Marseilles on Mediterranean coast |
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| a mountain system in eastern France, in Alsace near the border with Germany |
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| a mountainous island off the western coast of Italy that forms an administrative region of France; chief towns, Bastia (northern department) and Ajaccio (southern department). It was the birthplace of Napoleon I |
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| the Gaelic name for Ireland; the official name (1937–49) of the Republic of Ireland |
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| of or relating to the Goidelic languages, particularly the Celtic language of Scotland, and the culture associated with speakers of these languages and their descendants |
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| the capital city of the Republic of Ireland, on the Irish Sea at the mouth of the Liffey River |
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| a destructive fungal disease of potatoes resulting in dry brown rot of the tubers |
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| Ulster (Northern Ireland) |
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| a former province of Ireland, in the north of the island. The nine counties of Ulster are now divided between Northern Ireland (Antrim, Down, Armagh, Londonderry, Tyrone, and Fermanagh) and the Republic of Ireland (Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan) |
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| the capital and chief port of Northern Ireland; pop. 280,970. It suffered damage and population decline from the early 1970s because of sectarian violence by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Loyalist paramilitary groups |
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| island that comprises England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom |
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| a country in northern Great Britain and the United Kingdom; capital, Edinburgh; languages, English (official) and the Scottish form of Gaelic. Celtic peoples settled here during the Bronze and early Iron ages. In 1997, they voted to establish a devolved parliament with tax-raising powers. Their economy has benefited in the 20th century from the discovery of North Sea oil |
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| a city in Scotland, on the Clyde River; it is the largest city in Scotland |
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| the capital of Scotland, on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth; The city grew up around an 11th-century castle built by Malcolm III on a rocky ridge that dominates the landscape |
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| a city and seaport in northeastern Scotland, a center of the off-shore North Sea oil industry |
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| a principality of Great Britain and the United Kingdom, west of central England; capital, Cardiff |
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| capital of Wales; a seaport on the Bristol Channel, in the southern part of the country |
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| a European country that forms the largest and most southern part of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom, surrounded on three sides by water |
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| a range of hills in northern England that extends from the Scottish border south to the county of Derbyshire |
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| an industrial city in west central England |
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| the inland counties of central England |
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| a city in western England, north of Liverpool, on the estuary of the Lune River |
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| an industrial city in northwestern England; Founded in Roman times, it developed in the 18th and 19th centuries as a center of the English cotton industry |
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| a city and seaport in northwestern England, on the eastern side of the mouth of the Mersey River |
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| a river in southern England that flows 210 miles east from the Cotswolds in Gloucestershire through London to the North Sea |
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| a country in western Europe that consists of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland; capital, London |
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| divide (a region or body) into smaller mutually hostile states or groups; originated from Balkan Peninsula where this was done in the last 19th and early 20th centuries |
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| a mountain system that extends southeast from southern Poland and the Czech Republic into Romania |
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| a river that rises in the Black Forest in southwestern Germany and flows for about 1,770 miles into the Black Sea. It is the second longest river in Europe (after the Volga); the cities of Vienna, Budapest, and Belgrade are situated on its banks |
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| a river in Poland that rises in the Carpathian Mountains and flows north for 592 miles (940 km) through Cracow and Warsaw, to the Baltic Sea near Gdansk |
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| a region of central Europe that is centered on the upper Oder valley, now largely in southwestern Poland. It was partitioned at various times among the states of Prussia, Austria–Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia |
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| a city in southwestern Poland; the industrial center of the Silesian coal-mining region |
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| the capital of Poland, in the eastern central part of the country, on the Vistula River; pop. 1,656,000. The city suffered severe damage and the loss of 700,000 lives during World War II and was almost completely rebuilt |
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| an industrial port and shipbuilding center in northern Poland, on an inlet of the Baltic Sea; Disputed between Prussia and Poland during the 19th century, it was a free city under a League of Nations mandate 1919–39, when it was annexed by Nazi Germany, which precipitated hostilities with Poland and the outbreak of World War II |
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| country in central Europe; capital, Bratislava; dominated by Hungary until it declared independence in 1918; joined NATO and EU in 2004 |
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| a region that forms the western part of the Czech Republic. Formerly a Slavic kingdom, it became a province in the newly formed Czechoslovakia by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 |
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| the capital of the Czech Republic, in the northeastern part of the country, on the Vltava River |
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| a region of the Czech Republic, located between Bohemia on the west and the Carpathians on the east; chief town, Brno. A province of Bohemia from the 11th century, it was made an Austrian province in 1848 and became a part of Czechoslovakia in 1918 |
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| the capital of Hungary, in the northern central part of the country; formed in 1873 by union of two cities |
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| a member of a people who originated in the Urals and migrated westward to settle in what is now Hungary in the 9th century AD; the Uralic language of this people; Hungarian |
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| a person advocating the restoration to their country of any territory formerly belonging to it |
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| a large tableland region of northwestern Romania, separated from the rest of the country by the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps. Part of Hungary until it became a principality of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, it was returned to Hungary at the end of the 17th century and was incorporated into Romania in 1918 |
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| mainly Hungarian-speaking province in northern Serbia in Yugoslavia, on the Hungarian border; capital, Novi Sad |
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| the capital of Romania, in the southeastern part of the country |
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| a former federation of states in southeastern Europe, in the Balkans; The country was formed as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in the peace settlements at the end of World War I. It included Serbia, Montenegro, and the former South Slavic provinces of the Austro-Hungarian empire |
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| the capital of Serbia and Montenegro, on the Danube River |
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| an autonomous province of Serbia; capital, Pristina. It borders on Albania and the majority of the people are of Albanian descent |
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| a region in the Balkans that forms the larger, northern part of it and Herzegovina |
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| a mountainous, landlocked republic in the Balkans, formerly part of Yugoslavia; capital, Podgorica. Joined with Serbia before the Turkish conquest of 1355 |
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| a mountain range in the Balkans that runs parallel to the Adriatic coast from Slovenia in the northwest, through Croatia, Bosnia, and Montenegro, to Albania in the southeast |
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| the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society |
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