Term
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Definition
Includes humans, have A dorsal hollow nerve cord
A stiff notochord
Pharyngeal slits
A muscular post-anal tail
the simplest ones are tunicates and lancelets many are vertebrates with a head and backbones |
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Definition
| vertebrates that lack hinged jaws and paired fins |
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Definition
| Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned fishes |
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Term
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Definition
| Chondrichthyans have a flexible skeleton made of cartilage but do not have a swim bladder. They include sharks and rays |
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Definition
| They have an operculum that moves water over the gills and a buoyant swim bladder have a skeleton reinforced with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| have muscular fins supported by bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| were the first tetrapods: vertebrates with two pairs of limbs. Allows movement on land This group includes frogs, toads, and salamanders. Most amphibian embryos and larvae must develop in water |
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Term
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Definition
| amniotes, Terrestrial adaptations of reptiles include waterproof scales and a shelled, amniotic egg. Living reptiles (other than birds) are ectothermic, including snakes, crocodiles, alligators, and lizards.Dinosaurs, the most diverse reptiles to inhabit land, included some of the largest animals ever found on land. They may have been endothermic, producing their own body heat. |
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Term
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Definition
| tetrapods with a terresterally adapted egg |
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Term
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Definition
| feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight. Birds evolved from a lineage of small, two-legged dinosaurs called theropods.reptiles that have wings, feathers, endothermic metabolism, and many other adaptations related to flight. Many flightless species also |
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Term
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Definition
| amniotes that have hair and produce milk, endothermic amniotes with hair, which insulates their bodies, and mammary glands, which produce milk. Includes 3 groups: monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians |
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Term
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Definition
| lay eggs, include platypus and echinda |
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Term
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Definition
| Marsupial offspring complete development attached to the mothers nipple, usually inside a pouch. |
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Term
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Definition
| placental mammals, complete development before birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of organisms with their environments |
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Term
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Definition
| living, include predation and competition, can lead to adaptations by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| nonliving, include solar energy, wind, water, temperature, and disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
| total of all the earth's ecosystems, closed except for heat loss and sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes with specific adaptations not found in algae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemical that causes thickening of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| waxy stem that covers the stem and leaves of plants and helps retain water |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny pores in leaves that allow for gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissue, microscopic pipes conveying water and minerals up from roots |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissue, microscopic pipes that distribute sugars throughout the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| protective structure in plants, found in flowering plants, an embryo with food in a protective covering |
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Term
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Definition
| protective structure in plants, found in non flowering plants, a small usually celled reproductive body that is highly resistant to dessication |
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Term
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Definition
| drying out, can grow into a new organism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| livenworts,hornworts, mosses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carboniferous forests, primary source for fossil fuels, seedless plants used to dominate these |
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Term
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Definition
| populated carboniferous forests, giant prehistoric gymnosperms |
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Term
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Definition
| have pollen grains that transport sperm. Their embryos are protected in seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| primary source of lumber and paper, produce seeds in cones |
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Term
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Definition
| seeds develop within protective ovaries (fruit) |
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Term
| The key development of angiosperms is the flower, the reproductive organ. Fertilized eggs within ovaries in the flowers develop into fruits. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ripended ovary of a flower, structures adapted for seed dispersal which is the primary function of fruits |
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Term
| 3 types of seed dispersal |
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Definition
fruits act to attract animals, they eat then deficate seeds
harnessing natural forces
the adhesive nature of fruit |
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Term
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Definition
produce 25% of medicines, form basis for much of agriculture, provide most of our food, Through artificial selection and genetic engineering, we have influenced the evolution of these plants
Interactions with animals have profoundly influenced angiosperm evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| high energy fluid used by plants to attract pollenators |
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Term
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Definition
| heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb nutrients, most is underground |
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Term
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Definition
| disk or cup shaped reproductive structure in fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| long branching filament cells of fungi, underground |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of hyphae, network of cells |
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Term
| primary function of fungi |
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Definition
| decomposers, provide antibiotics and food |
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs that ingest their food, can be characterized by basic features of "body plan" |
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Term
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Definition
| vary in symmetry, body cavity, embyronic development |
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Term
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Definition
asymetric- no symmetery
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
protostomes- 1st embryonic opening is the mouth
deuterostomes- 1st embryonic opening is anus |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot equally divide the organisms body |
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Term
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Definition
| can be divided more times than half and still be symmetric |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that show bilateral symmetry |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of the body with specialized functions |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that have tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| sponges, simplest animals, sessile (stationary), asymetrical, no true tissues, |
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Term
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Definition
| filter feeders, gets food from what suspended in water |
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Term
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Definition
true tissues, radial symmetry
polyps- attached body form
medusae- free swimming body forms (jellyfish) |
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Term
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Definition
| stingers on end of tentacles |
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Term
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Definition
flat worms,are bilateral animals with no body cavity, like tapeworms.
4 major classes
trematoda- flukes (tissue and blood flukes)
cestoda- tapeworm
Monogena- ectoparasites
Turbellaria- free living carnivores |
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Term
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Definition
round worms
, have a complete digestive tract. There may be 500,000 species, but they are all very similar |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular foot and mantle(fold of tissue that generally secretes the shell, encloses the visceral mass) |
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Term
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Definition
gastropods- snails, slugs
bivalves- clams oysters mussels
cephalopods- squid, octopus, beaklike jaws, contains largest invertebrate known-giant squid |
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Term
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Definition
annelids, segmented worms
earthworms-have male and femals organs
polychaetes- paddle like appendages with bristles
leeches- freeliving |
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Term
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Definition
arthropods, segmented animals with jointed appendages and exoskeleton
Arachnids (spiders, scorpions, mites, & ticks)
Millipedes and centipedes
Crustaceans- aquatic
Insects- largest group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the rapid transformation from larva to the adult form, adult looks dramatically different from the larva, many insects undergo this |
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Term
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Definition
| largest order, coleoptera |
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Term
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Definition
echinoderms (spiny skinned), endoskeleton, water vascular system, radial symmetry as adults, embryo is bilaterally symmetrical
includes sea stars and sea urchins |
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Term
| 3 functions of water vascular system |
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Definition
movement
feeding
gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that have a sac around the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| type of jaw in humans, different from hinged jaws because it hinges then slides |
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Term
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Definition
| type of the joint in human jaw |
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Term
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Definition
| respiratory organ in most aquatic animals |
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Term
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Definition
| organ that control buoyancy |
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Term
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Definition
| a flap of tissue, does not exactly refer to what fish have |
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Term
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Definition
| the bones that support the muscular fins in lobe finned fish |
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Term
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Definition
| lobe finned fish once thought to be extinct but was found in 1938 |
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Term
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Definition
| cold blooded, absorb external heat rather than generate their own body heat |
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Term
| reasons why birds have feathers |
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Definition
| courtship displays, insulation |
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Term
| 5 adaptations birds have for flight |
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Definition
reduced weight
high metabolic weight
acute senses
powerful musculature
excellent circulation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| temporary organ present only during pregnancy, part fetus part mom, serves to protect fetus from toxic things mom might do, semipermeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| specific environment in which an organism lives |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey |
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Term
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Definition
| a rivalry between individuals or groups of animals for territory and resources |
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Term
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Definition
| the average and variations of weather in a region over a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| an ecosystem largely determined by climate usually classified according to the predominate vegetation and characterized by organisms adapted to that environment |
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Term
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Definition
aquatic
desert
forest (arkansas)
grasslands
tundra |
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Term
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Definition
| studies behavior in an evolutionary context |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on the immediate causes of behavior, considered the HOW question |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on evolutionary causes of behavior, the WHY question |
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Term
| Behavior is the result of both genes and environmental factors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| change in behavior resulting from experience |
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Term
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Definition
loss of response to a stimulus after repeated exposure
using a scarecrow on a farm |
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Term
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Definition
learning that is irreversible and limited to a sensitive time in an animals live; often results in strong bond between offspring and parent
early in life, ducks follow farmer to food |
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Term
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Definition
using landmarks to learn the spacial structure of the environment
migrations |
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Term
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Definition
an internal representation of the spacial relationships among objects in the environment
animals have territorial mapping |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
learning by observing and mimicing others
observational learning, one does it so all do |
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Term
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Definition
inventive behavior that arises in response to a new situation
animal getting out of a trap |
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Term
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Definition
any of the ways which animal societies are structured regarding sexual behavior
promisious, polygamous, monogamous |
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Term
| The needs of offspring and certainty of paternity help explain differences in mating systems and parental care by males. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mating system with no bonding, no lasting relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| mating system with 1 male and 1 female, offspring needs a lot of care |
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Term
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Definition
| mating system with 1 of one sex, many of opposite sex |
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Term
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Definition
the process in which the different species select their mate
generally advertise the species, sex, and physical condition of males |
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Term
| In some species, courtship is a group activity in which members of one or both sexes choose mates from a group of candidates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the interaction between two or more individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| any action that divides up space and resources |
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Term
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Definition
| provides communication needed for social behavior (sounds, scents, displays, touches) |
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Term
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Definition
the way individuals are spaced within their area
can be clumped, uniform, or random |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of actions having symbolic value |
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Term
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Definition
| treats, combat, acting with the intent to restrict the freedom of other animals |
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Term
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Definition
| a ranking of individuals with in a community (pecking order) |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that reduces an individuals fitness while increasing the fitness of others in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| group does well, everbody does well |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal can propatate its own genes by helping relative reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| food-obtaining behavior, includes identifying, obtaining, and eating food |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that eat anything available |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that are selective in what they eat |
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Term
| optimal foraging theory (oft) |
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Definition
| same as cost benefit, predicts that an animal’s feeding behavior will maximize energy gain and minimize energy expenditure and risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned with changes (“dynamics”) in population size and the factors that regulate populations over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| limiting factor for population density |
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Term
| community characterized by |
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Definition
species diversity
dominant species
response to disturbance
trophic structure |
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Term
| interspecific competition |
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Definition
| occurs between two species if they both require the same limited resource. |
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Term
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Definition
| a species role in it community, includes all of its use of biotic and abiotic resources |
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Term
| community exclusion principle |
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Definition
2 species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical.
if this happens then one of the species will become dominant or 1 of the species will change its niche |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats another, the prey |
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Term
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Definition
| a copycat appearance in which one of the species mimics the another |
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Term
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Definition
| a palatable or harmless species mimics another unpalatable of harmful species |
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Term
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Definition
| an unpalatable or species without a defense mimics another unpalatable or harmful species |
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Term
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Definition
| a species has coloration or structures present that indicate a special means of defense against enemies |
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Term
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Definition
| one that exerts strong control on a community because of its niche |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that have adaptations for eating plants or algae |
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Term
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Definition
| reciprocal evolution; an evolutionary arms race, one change in a species then change in change in another species, then second change acts back on the original species |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels |
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Term
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Definition
| the stepwise flow of energy and nutrients from plants (producers), to herbivores (primary consumers), to carnivores (secondary and higher-level consumers |
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Term
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Definition
| animal scavengers, fungi, and prokaryotes) decompose waste matter and recycle nutrients in ecosystems. |
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Term
| a food web shows more interactions than a food chain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling |
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Term
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Definition
| includes a community and the abiotic factors with which it interacts. |
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Term
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Definition
| precipitation, evaporation, transpiration (water given off by plants) |
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Term
Solar heat drives the global water cycle: precipitation, evaporation, and transpiration.
Carbon is taken from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and used to make organic molecules, then returned to the atmosphere by cellular respiration. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a rapid decrease in the variety of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| goal driven science that seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic diversity (within and between populations), species diversity, ecosystem diversity |
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Term
Biodiversity, while valuable for its own sake, also provides food, fiber, medicines, and ecosystem services.
Human activities threaten diversity at all levels |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| habitat destruction, introduced species, overexploitation |
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Term
| habitat destruction is the single greatest current threat to biodiversity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
naturalized species/exotic species
an organism not indeginous to a given location that has been accidentally or deliberately introduced |
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Term
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Definition
| a rapidly growing vinelike plant intentionally introduced to control erosion, grows rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| using too much of the environment or a species |
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Term
| photosynthesis moderates global warming, more equals a lower temperature |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a measured amount of co2 emitted by an entity by their activities |
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Term
| ways to improve o2 and co2 balance |
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Definition
decrease co2 output
increase co2 uptake- increase photosynthesis |
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Term
| Solar radiation converts O2 high in the atmosphere to ozone (O3), which shields organisms on the Earth’s surface from the damaging UV radiation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Industrial chemicals called CFCs have caused dangerous thinning of the ozone layer, but international restrictions on CFC use are allowing recovery. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| areas around the world that must have at least 1500 species of vascular plants as endemics(naturally occuring) and area has lost 70% of its original habitat |
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Term
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Definition
ultimate goal
development that meets the needs of the present with out comprimising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
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Term
| seeks to improve the human condition while conserving biodiversity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| accumulated knowledge, customs, beliefs, arts, and other human products that are socially transmitted over the generation |
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Term
| culture has allowed for increase in lifespan and improvement of lifestyle quality |
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Definition
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Term
| The adaptation of culture increased as humans became more sedentary. Agriculture allowed groups of humans to settle and specialize in tasks |
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Definition
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Term
culture is the key adaptation but it is not a guarantee of success.
Culture adapts more quickly than pure biological adaptation, but works in a similar way. |
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Definition
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Term
| biology is slower than culture |
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Definition
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Term
| culture removes some selection pressures |
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Definition
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