Term
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Definition
| A person's unique and relatively stable behavior patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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| personality/ behavior is determined by unconscious psychological conflicts. |
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| whatever we are aware of at any given moment |
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Definition
everything we know but are not aware of at the moment
(part of long term memory) |
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Definition
| things so anxiety-provoking they were removed from consciousness. |
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Definition
contains basic impulses and urges, present at birth (totally unconscious)
(baby is hungry and will cry until it gets food.) |
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Definition
| desire for immediate satisfaction and desires pleasure. |
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Definition
moral behavior learned from parents ad culture (moral compass)
[this would never exceed the speed limit] |
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Definition
| act proper and ideal as defined by parents and culture. |
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Definition
| mediates conflicts between the id and superego (directs rational behavior) |
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Definition
| compromises between the id and superego (delays pleasure until appropriate) |
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Definition
| unconsciously pushing threatening memories from conscious awareness. |
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Definition
| unconsciously attributing one's own unacceptable feelings to another person (cheating person in relationship blames other for cheating) |
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Definition
discounting the existence of threatening situations
(no they aren't cheating on me...) |
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Definition
| attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable |
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Definition
revert to behavior that reduced anxiety earlier in development
(a walk down memory lane) |
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Definition
defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite of them
(school girl hitting boy that told her how much he likes her)
(politician condemning gays when he is suppressing homosexual feelings) |
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Definition
deflecting an impulse from its original target to a less threatening one
(getting home from a stressful day at work and you yell at your S.O. even when you aren't mad at them) |
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Definition
converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions by symbolically expressing them
(a butcher sublimating cutting people by cutting up animals instead)
(football players playing football suppressing gay tendencies?? kind of a stretch) |
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Term
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Definition
striving to make up for unconscious shortcoming feelings
(short man syndrome) |
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Definition
each stage has a part of the body that reduces anxiety when stimulated
(an erogenous zone) |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious preoccupation with the area of pleasure associated with that stage. |
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Term
the oral stage
(birth to one year) |
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Definition
| the mouth is the center of pleasure (erogenous zone) and conflict weaning is psychosexual issue |
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Term
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Definition
| adults putting things in mouth |
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Term
the anal stage
(1 to 3 years) |
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Definition
| the focus of pleasure shifts from the mouth to the anus (potty training is psychosexual issue) |
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Term
| anal expulsive personality |
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Definition
| disorderly, cruel, and messy |
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Term
| anal retentive personality |
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Definition
| someone who is excessively neat, orderly, and stingy |
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Term
phallic stage
(3 to 5 years) |
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Definition
| the focus of pleasure and conflict shifts to genital area. |
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Term
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Definition
boy has desires for mother and wants to eliminate his father
(castration anxiety) |
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Definition
girl has desires for father and wants to eliminate mother
(penis envy) |
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Definition
child adopts behaviors and mannerisms of the same sex parents
(developments of superego) |
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Term
the latency period
(6 years to puberty) |
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Definition
| sexual impulses lie dormant here |
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Term
genital stage
(adolescence onward) |
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Definition
| sexual impulses reappear in conscious shifts to opposite sex for vast majority |
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Term
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Definition
Neo-freudian
agreed with collective unconscious and archetypes |
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Definition
common ideas, images, and symbols we inherit from our ancestors (human and non-human)
(e.g. Egyptians and Mayans built pyramids) |
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Definition
universal symbolic representations
(all cultures have symbols for mother nature and celebrate certain dates throughout the year.) |
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Definition
1st Feminist psychologist
personality develops in the context of social relationships
(it's all about social status) |
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Definition
people strive for superiority
inferiority complex |
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Definition
| adults who haven't overcome feelings of childhood inferiority. |
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Definition
| identifies basic traits necessary to describe personality |
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Definition
Quantitative scale from 1-100
openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism |
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Term
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Definition
Trait approaches
Cardinal and central traits. |
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Term
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Definition
single characteristic that directs most of a person's activities.
(a die hard LSU fan with everything purple and gold) |
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Definition
| five to ten major characteristics of an individual |
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Term
behaviorist approach
(B.F. Skinner) |
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Definition
Collection of learned behavior patterns
(reinforcement and punishment) |
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Term
Observational learning
(Albert Bandura) |
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Definition
view others' actions and observe consequences
important aspects to personality
Self efficacy
self esteem |
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Term
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Definition
| belief in your own competence |
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Term
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Definition
| personal evaluation of your worth |
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Definition
| State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, in own unique way |
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Definition
'Be all you can be'
[Self actualization] |
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unconditional positive regard
(unconditional love) |
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Definition
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings.
Carl Rogers |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of 10 inkblots and was designed by to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. |
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Term
| What does social psychology study? |
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Definition
| It scientifically studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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Term
| Social thinking involves thinking about what? |
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Definition
| It involves thinking about others, especially when they engage in doing things that are unexpected. |
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Term
Attribution Theory
[Fritz Heider] |
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Definition
| This theory states that we give casual explanations for someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate personal dispositions and underestimate personal dispositions and underestimate situations in analyzing behaviors of others |
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Term
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Definition
| See slide 5 of Social Thinking |
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Term
| Foot in the door phenomenon |
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Definition
| agreeing to a small request increases chances of getting larger requests later |
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Term
| Door in the face phenomena |
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Definition
| asking for larger request first increases chance of getting smaller requests later |
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Definition
Assigned roles of guards and prisoners to random students. Both developed appropriate attitudes.
See youtube: stanford prison experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension. |
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Term
| To relieve ourselves from the tension of cognitive dissonance what do we do? |
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Definition
| We bring our attitudes closer to our actions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions and the way they are molded. |
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Term
The Chameleon effect:
Conformity |
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Definition
| Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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Term
| Group pressure and conformity |
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Definition
| slide 13 of social conformity |
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Term
| Asch Conformity experiment |
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Definition
| An influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. |
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Reasons for conforming"
Normative social influence |
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Definition
| influence resulting from a persons' desire to gain approbal or avoid rejection. |
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Term
reasons for conforming:
Informational social influence |
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Definition
| one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality |
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Term
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Definition
| obeying direct commands from a perceived authority figure |
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Term
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Definition
| slide 17 of social conformity |
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Term
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Definition
| improved performance on tasks in the presence of others |
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Term
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Definition
| individual in a group exerts less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually. |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of self awareness and self restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. |
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Term
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Definition
| an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members |
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Term
| What is prejudice often directed towards? |
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Definition
| It's directed to different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups. |
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Term
| why does prejudice arise? |
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Definition
| It develops when people have money, power, and prestige, and others do not. Social inequality increases prejudice. |
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Term
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Definition
| people with whom one shares a common identity |
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Definition
| Those perceived as different from one's ingroup |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to favor one's own group |
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Term
| Prejudice Provides and outlet for what? |
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Definition
it provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
[after 9/11 many people lashed out against innocent Arab Americans] |
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Term
| The just world phenomenon |
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Definition
| tendency to believe people get what they deserve. |
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Term
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Definition
| This can be any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. |
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Term
| Can environmental temperature lead to aggressive acts |
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Definition
| Yes. In Houston increased temps lead to more murders and rapes. |
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Term
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Definition
| (caused by the blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression |
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Term
| 3 aspects of the psychology of attraction |
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Definition
1. proximity (mere exposure effect)
2. Physical attractiveness
3. Similarity. |
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Term
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Definition
slide 35 social thinking.
Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychopathology study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders (abnormal or maladaptive behavior) |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme scores on some dimension, such as intelligence, anxiety, or depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| disobeying societal standards for normal conduct |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that makes it difficult to function _________, to adapt to the environment, and to meet everyday demands |
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Term
| medical perspective on abnormality |
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Definition
| rooted in physiological causes |
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Term
| psychoanalytic perspective on abnormality |
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Definition
| unconscious, childhood conflicts over sex and agression |
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Term
| behvioral perspective on abnormality |
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Definition
| behavior as a learned response |
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Term
| cognitive perspective on abnormality |
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Definition
| distorted thinking causes people to magnify ordinary threats and failures. |
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Term
| humanistic perspective on abnormality |
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Definition
| unrealistic self-image conflicts with real self-image |
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Term
| sociocultural perspective on abnormality |
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Definition
| behavior is shaped by family group, society, and culture |
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Term
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Definition
Stress vulnerability Hypothesis
slide 9 of psych disorders |
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Term
DSM-IV Classification system
Axis I |
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Definition
| diagnosed mental disorder |
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Term
DSM-IV Classification system
Axis II |
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Definition
| personality disorders/mental retardation |
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Term
DSM-IV Classification system
Axis III |
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Definition
| relevant medical conditions |
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Term
DSM-IV Classification system
Axis IV |
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Definition
| psychosocial and environmental problems |
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Term
DSM-IV Classification system
Axis V |
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Definition
| current level of psychological, social, and occupational, functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
anxiety disorders
intense, irration fears of specific objects or situations |
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Term
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Definition
Phobia subtype
fear and avoidance of specific stimuli and situations. |
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Term
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Definition
Phobia subtype
anxiety about being negatively evaluated by others or acting in a way that is embarrasing or humiliating |
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Term
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Definition
Phobia subtype
strong fear of being separated from a safe place or from a safe person, or of being trapped where escape may be difficult or help is unavailable. |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety is not triggered by any identifiable stimulus and last from a few seconds to several hours. |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| experience long term persistent anxiety |
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Term
Obsession
Obsessive compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| a persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring |
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Term
Compulsion
Obsessive compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| urge to repeatedly carry out some behavior that seems strange and unreasonable, even to the individual who experiences them |
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Term
| biological factors of anxiety disorders |
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Definition
-genetic predisposition
-autonomic nervous system is oversensitive to stress.
-abormalities in the brain's neurotransmitter systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form but no medical cause |
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Term
| 2 types of somatoform disorders |
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Definition
1. hypochondiasis - constant fear of illness and preoccupational health
2. conversion disorder - physical disturbance, inability to see, hear, or to move an arm or leg with psychological cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of critical personality facets that are normally integrated, allowing stress avoidance through escape |
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Term
| 3 types of dissociative disorders |
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Definition
1. dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality) - individual displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities
2. dissociative amnesia - a significant selective memory loss occurs
3. dissociative fugue= amnesia condition where people take sudden, impulsive trips, sometimes assuming a new identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of critical personality facets that are normally integrated, allowing stress avoidance through escape |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional disturbance strong enough to intrude on everyday living |
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Term
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Definition
1. major depression - sever depression lasting months or years, person experience characteristic symptoms:
-worthless feelingr
-loneliness
-crying
-sleep disturbance
- suicide
2. bipolar disorder - person sequentially experience periods of mania and depression
-mania- extended state of intense, wild elation. |
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Term
| Which sex is diagnosed with depression more frequently? |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of personality disorders |
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Definition
1. narcissistic personality disorder - exaggerated sense of self-importance
2. anti-social personality disorder (sociopath) - no regard for moral and ethical rules of society or others' rights
3. Borderline personality disorder - difficulty in developing a secure sense of self |
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Term
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Definition
| severe psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions, social withdrawal, and a move away from reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| mental or emotional problem caused by brain pathology (i.e. brain injuries or diseases) |
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Term
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Definition
-Psychosis - characterized by hallucinations, delusions, apathy, thinking abnormalities, and 'split' between thoughts and emotions.
-catatonic schizophrenia - marked by stupor where victim may hold same position for hours or days
- paranoid schizophrenia - preoccupation with hallucinations of delusions of perception, grandeur (most common) |
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Term
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Definition
brain chemistry:
-dopamine hypothesis
-abuse of some drugs produce similar symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Sex:
women attempt suicide 3x more
men 4x more likely to commit it
Age:
more than 1/2 victims are older than 45yrs
1/3 leading cause of death among college students |
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Term
| major risk factors of suicide |
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Definition
1. depression or other mood disorder (90% of suicides)
2. prior suicide attempt
3. family history of suicidal behavior
4. shame, humiliation, failure or rejection
5. availability of a weapon |
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