Term
|
Definition
| A syndrome characterized by decreased tissue perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- low blood flow shock
- maldistribution of blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Cardiogenic
- Hypovolemia |
|
|
Term
| Maldistribution of blood flow |
|
Definition
- Neurogenic
- Anaphylactic
- Septic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shock state resulting from decreased intravascular volume due to fluid loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shock state resulting from impairment or failure of myocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Circulatory shock state resulting from overwhelming infection causing relative hypovolemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shock state resulting from loss of sympathetic tone causing relative hypovolemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Circulatory shock state resulting from severe allergic reaction producing overwhelming systemic vasodilation, relative hypovolemia |
|
|
Term
| Cellular Changes in Shock |
|
Definition
- lack of O2
- Stress state - hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
| Vascular Response in Shock |
|
Definition
| - Biochemical Mediators - vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Blood Pressure Regulation in Shock |
|
Definition
| - BP (MAP) less than 65mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Compensatory
- Progressive
- Irreversible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Fall in B/P
- Blood flow to the heart and brain
- Blood flow to the kidneys, GI
- Multisystem response to decrease in tissue perfusion
- Hyperglycemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Decrease in cellular perfusion
- Edema
- Impaired Gas Exchange
- Multisystem response to decrease tissue perfusion
- Possibly Hypoglycemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Hypotension
- Hypoxia
- System is over whelmed
- MOD - Multi-Organ Dysfunction
- Possibly Hypoglycemic |
|
|
Term
| Management Strategies in Shock |
|
Definition
- Early Identification
- Fluid Replacement
- Vasoactive Medication Therapy
- Nutritional Support |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Hypovolemic Shock |
|
Definition
| Decreased blood volume -> Decreased venous return -> Decreased Stroke Volume -> Decreased Cardiac Output -> Decreased Tissue Perfusion |
|
|
Term
| Medical Management of Hypovolemic Shock |
|
Definition
- treatment of underlying cause
- fluid (3-1 Rule - for every L lost replace with 3) (LR)
- ***Trendelenberg
- blood replacement
- redistribution of fluid
- pharmacologic therapy |
|
|
Term
| Nursing Management of Hypovolemic Shock |
|
Definition
- Administering blood, fluids safely
- Implementing other measures
- Monitor for fluid overload
- Pulmonary Edema |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Cardiogenic Shock |
|
Definition
- Cardiac Output is Compromised
- Goal is to restore blood flow to the myocardium
- Decreased Cardiac Contractility -> Decreased stroke volume and cardiac output -> (Pulmonary Congestion), (Decreased systemic tissue perfusion), (Decreased coronary artery perfusion) -> Causing more Decreased Cardiac Contractility |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacologic Therapy for Cardiogenic Shock |
|
Definition
- Oxygenation (O2 nasal cannula 2-6 L/min) if less than 90%
- Dobutamine
- Pain control - IV morphine
- Dopamine
- Nitroglycerin
- Vasoactive Medications (Vasopressin, Epinephrine, Diuretics)
- Antiarrhythmic Medications |
|
|
Term
| Nursing Management of Cardiogenic Shock |
|
Definition
- Preventing Cardiogenic Shock (identifying risk, preventing progression)
- Monitoring Hemodynamic Status (Lab Values, ECG, Pressure Line)
- Administering Medications, Intravenous Fluids
- Maintaining intra-aortic balloon counter pulsation
- Ensuring safety, comfort |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Maldistribution of Blood Flow |
|
Definition
- Neurogenic shock, Anaphylactic shock, Septic shock
- Precipitating event -> Vasodilation -> Activation of Inflammatory Response -> Maldistribution of blood volume -> Decreased Venous Return -> Decreased Cardiac Output -> Decreased Tissue Perfusion |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Circulatory Shock |
|
Definition
| Precipitating event -> Vasodilation -> Activation of inflammatory resposne -> Maldisitribution of blood volumbe -> Decreased venous return -> Decreased Cardiac Output -> Decreased Tissue Perfusion |
|
|
Term
| Managment of All Types of Shock |
|
Definition
- Fluid replacement to restore intravascular volume
- Vasoactive medications to restore vasomotor tone, improve cardiac function
- Nutritional support to address metabolic requirements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Used when fluid theraphy alone does not maintain MAP
- Support hemodynamic status; stimulate SNS
- Do VS frequently; continuous monitoring VS every 15 minutes or more often
- Give through central line if possible (extravasation may cause extensive tissue damage)
- Dosages usually titrated to patient response |
|
|
Term
| Nutritional Therapy for Shock |
|
Definition
- Increased nutritional intake to meet increased metabolic,energy requirements prevent further catabolism, due to depletion of glycogen
- support with paerenteral or enteral nutrition
- GI system should be used to support its integrity
- Administration of glutamine
- Administration of H2 blockers or proton-pump inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Psychological support of patients and families |
|
Definition
- anxiety
- support for coping
- patient, family education
- communication
- end-of-life issues
- grief processes |
|
|
Term
| Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome |
|
Definition
- Presence of altered function of two or more organs in an acutely ill patient such that interventions necessary to support continued organ function
- Primary or Secondary
- High Mortality Rate; 75% |
|
|
Term
| Primary Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Page 756 Hemodynamic Monitoring
Page 715 Ch. 26 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome |
|
Definition
- controlling initiating event
- promoting adequate organ perfusion
- providing nutritional support
- promoting communication |
|
|
Term
| ** Methods of Hemodynamic Monitoring |
|
Definition
| - Central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, arterial pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measurement of pressure, flow and oxygenation status of the cardiovascular system |
|
|
Term
| Types of hemodynamic monitoring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Invasive methods of hemodynamic monitoring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Noninvasive methods of hemodynamic monitoring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Equipment Used in hemodynamic monitoring |
|
Definition
- pressure transducer
- pressure tubing
- monitor
- pressure bag and flush
- catheters (multiple ports) |
|
|
Term
| Indications for hemodynamic monitoring |
|
Definition
- ventilator
- critical care (burns)
- need for intensive care
- heart/renal failure |
|
|
Term
| Normal Central Venous Pressure (CVP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal Pulmonary Artery Systolic (PAS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal Pulmonary Artery Diastolic (PAD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure (PAWP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemodynamic Monitoring Complications |
|
Definition
- Increased risk of infections
- Thrombosis and emboli
- Catheter wedges permanently
- Ventricular irritation |
|
|
Term
| Why can hemodynamic monitoring cause increased risk for infections? |
|
Definition
- same with any central venous lines- use occlusive dressing and Biopatch to prevent
- causes impaired skin integrity and gives infection direct access to a vein/artery |
|
|
Term
| Why can hemodynamic monitoring cause thrombosis and emboli? |
|
Definition
| air embolism may occur when the balloon ruptures, clot on end of catheter can result in pulmonary embolism |
|
|
Term
| Why can hemodynamic monitoring cause the catheter to wedge permanently? |
|
Definition
- Considered an emergency, notify MD immediately
- can occur when balloon is left inflated or catheter migrates too far into pulmonary artery (FLAT PA waveform) ... can cause pulmonary infarct after only a few minutes! |
|
|
Term
| Why can hemodynamic monitoring cause ventricular irritation? |
|
Definition
| occurs when catheter migrates back into RV or is looped through the ventricle, notify MD immediately.. Can cause VT (V-tach) |
|
|
Term
| Common Cardiac Medications |
|
Definition
Nitrates - dilate blood vessels (chest pain)
Beta blockers - HTN
CC Blockers - HTN
ACE- 1 - HTN
Statins - CHOLESTEROL |
|
|
Term
| What are invasive cononary artery procedures? |
|
Definition
- PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty)
- Coronary Artery Stents
- Atherectomy
- Brachytherapy |
|
|
Term
| What are the intraoperative complications of percutaneous cononary intervention? |
|
Definition
- perforation
- acute MI
- dysrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| What are the postoperative complications of percutaneous coronary intervetion? |
|
Definition
- bleedng
- hematoma
- occlusion
- acute renal failure |
|
|
Term
| What are the preoperative nursing considerations for invasive coronary artery surgical procedures? |
|
Definition
- Assessment (Health History)
- Psychosocial (Fear/Anxiety)
- Monitoring
- Client teaching |
|
|
Term
| What are some nursing diagnoses for invasive coronary artery surgical procedures? |
|
Definition
- ineffective cardiac tissue perfusion
- knowledge deficit
- fear/anxiety |
|
|
Term
| What are the postoperative consideration for cardiac surgical patient? |
|
Definition
- Monitoring (lab and surgical site)
- Pain management |
|
|
Term
| What is a traditional coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an alternative coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there an increasing rate of heart failure? |
|
Definition
- aging population
- Coronary artery Disease (HTN & DM)
- high rate of morbidity and mortality |
|
|
Term
| What are the statistics about heart failure in relation to the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the gender differences in heart failure? |
|
Definition
| Men are more likely to develop heart failure |
|
|
Term
| What are the cultural and ethnic differences in incidents of heart failure? |
|
Definition
| African Americans are more likely than other races/ethnicities |
|
|
Term
| Equation for cardiac output? |
|
Definition
| CO = SV x HR (heart rate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients
- A syndrome characterized by fluid overload or inadequate tissue perfusion
- Indicates myocardial disease, in which there is a problem with the contraction of the heart (systolic failure) or filling of the heart (diastolic failure)
- some cases are reversible
- most heart failure is progressive, lifelong disorder managed with lifestyle changes and medications. |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Systolic Failure |
|
Definition
| The ventricles fill with blood and pump out less than 40 to 50% of the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Diastolic Failure |
|
Definition
| The stiff ventricles fill with less blood than normal and pump out about 60% of the blood, but the amount may be lower than normal. |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiology of a normal heart? |
|
Definition
| The ventricles fill with blood, the ventricles pump out about 60% of the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiology of Mixed Failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Heart Failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the valve does not close properly and blood backflows through the valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the valve does not open completely and blood flow through the valve is reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stretching of an atrioventricular valve leaflet into the atrium during diastole |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for valvular disorders? |
|
Definition
- hypertension
- rheumatic fever (mitral stenosis and insufficiency)
- congenital
- aging |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic procedures are used for valvular disorders? |
|
Definition
- Chest x-ray
- 12 lead ECG
- Echocardiogram |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Palpitation, hemoptysis, hoarseness, dysphasia, cough, murmur (low-pitch rumbling) atrial dysrhythmias (A-fib) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noctural dyspnea, palpitation, crackles in the lungs, atrial fibrillation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angina, syncope, decrease SVR, systolic murmur (harsh), narrow pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angina, diastolic murmur, widened pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diastolic murmur, decreased cardiac output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cynanosis, systolic murmur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medical management for valvular disorders |
|
Definition
- medications
- surgical therapy |
|
|
Term
| Nursing Considerations for Valvular Disorders |
|
Definition
- monitoring
- medications
- client education |
|
|
Term
| Nursing diagnoses for valvular disoders |
|
Definition
- activity intolerance
- excess fluid volume
- decreased cardiac output
- knowledge deficit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Repair
- ** most common ** Commissurotomy: open or closed
- Balloon Valvuloplasty: open or closed
- Annuloplasty
- Leaflet Repair
- Chordoplasty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mechanical valve
- tissue valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do not deteriorate or become infected as easily, but are thrombogenic and require life-long anticoagulation therapy |
|
|
Term
| Tissues (biologic) Valves |
|
Definition
- Xenograft (heterograft): pig or cow valve
- Homograft (allograft): human valve
- Autograft: patient's own valve |
|
|
Term
| What are the compensatory mechanisms of heart failure? |
|
Definition
- SNS
- Neurohormonal Response
- Dilation
- Hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| What are the counterregulatory mechanisms of heart failure? |
|
Definition
- Cardiac compensation
- Cardiac Decompensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Left-Sided Failure
- Right-Sided Failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- LV cannot pump blood effectively to the systemic circulation.
- Pulmonary venous pressures increase and result pulmonary congestion.
- Dyspnea, cough, crackles, impaired oxygen exchange. |
|
|
Term
| Right-Sided Heart Failure |
|
Definition
- RV cannot eject sufficient amounts of blood and blood blacks up in the right atrium and venous circulation
- peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, ascites, anorexia, nausea, weakness, weight gain |
|
|
Term
| Classifications of Heart Failure |
|
Definition
- NYHA classification of heart failure
- ACC/AHA classification of heart failure |
|
|
Term
| NYHA classification of heart failures |
|
Definition
| Classifications I, II, III, IV |
|
|
Term
| ACC/AHA Classification of Heart Failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the physical methods of diagnosing heart failure? |
|
Definition
- Mental Status
- Lung Status
- Heart Sounds |
|
|
Term
| What are the diagnostic methods of diagnosing heart failure? |
|
Definition
- Chest x-ray
- 12 lead EKG
- ** Echocardiogram - Ejection Fraction (EF) greater than 55% - 65% is normal
- Lab (BNP, ANP, CMP, TSH, CBC) |
|
|
Term
| What is the medical management of heart failure? |
|
Definition
- Eliminate or reduce etiologic or contributory factors
- Reduce the workload of the heart by reducing afterload and preload
- Optimize all therapeutic regimens
- Prevent exacerbations of heart failure |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of medical management of heart failure? |
|
Definition
- relieve symptoms
- improve functional status
- extend survival |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for heart failure? |
|
Definition
- O2 N/C 6 L/min
- rest and activity schedule
- sodium restriction
- monitoring (wt. daily/ fluid restriction)
- medication
- Ventricular Assistive Device |
|
|
Term
| Hypertensive medications for heart failure? |
|
Definition
- Ace-inhibitors
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers
- Beta-blockers |
|
|
Term
| Diuretic medications for heart failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs to increase contractility in heart failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs to reduce afterload? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nutritional therapy for heart failure? |
|
Definition
- DASH Diet
- Low Sodium
- Read Label
- Fluid Restriction |
|
|
Term
| Nursing diagnoses for heart failure? |
|
Definition
- Activity intolerance and fatigue
- Excess fluid volume
- Anxiety
- Powerlessness
- Noncompliance |
|
|
Term
| Collaborative problems/Potential complications of heart failure |
|
Definition
- cardiogenic shock
- dysrhythmias
- thromboembolism
- pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and interstitial spaces of the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| Clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema? |
|
Definition
| restlessness, anxiety, dyspnea, cool and clammy skin, cyanosis, weak and rapid pulse, cough, lung congestion (moist, noisy respirations), increased sputum production (sputum may be frothy and blood-tinged), decreased level of consciousness |
|
|
Term
| Management of Pulmonary Edema |
|
Definition
- prevention and early recognition
- Place client upright (high fowlers) and dangle legs
- Vital Signs
- I/O Hourly
- ECG and Pulse Oximetry
- Minimize exertion and stress
- Oxygen (by mask or nasal cannula)
- Medications: Morphine, Furosemide, Nitroglycerin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A blockage of pulmonary arteries by a thrombus, fat or air embolus |
|
|
Term
| Most common sites for thromboembolism? |
|
Definition
- blood clot moves from the legs to obstruct the pulmonary vessels
- right side of the heart
- pelvic vein (pulmonary or illiac) |
|
|
Term
| Clinical manifestation of thromboembolism? |
|
Definition
unexplained dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, chest pain, hemoptysis
Other Manifestations: cough, crackles, fever, mental status changes |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic studies for thromboembolism? |
|
Definition
- Perfusion lung scan
- Pulmonary angiography
- Computer tomography (CT)
- ABG
- ECG
- Labs (BNP, Troponin)
- Chest X-Ray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circulatory shock state resulting from severe allergic reaction producing an overwhelming systemic vasodilation and relative hypovolemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| messenger substances that may be released by a cell to create an action at that site or be carried by the bloodstream to a distant site before being activated; also called cytokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shock state resulting from impairment or failure of the myocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shock state resulting from displacement of blood volume creating a relative hypovolemia and inadequate delivery of oxygen to the cells; also called distributive shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intravenous solutions that contain molecules that are too large to pass through capillary membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intravenous electrolyte solutions that move freely between the intravascular compartment and interstitial spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shock state resulting from decreased intravascular volume due to fluid loss |
|
|
Term
| multiple organ dysfunction syndrome |
|
Definition
| presence of altered function of two or more organs in an acutely ill patient such that interventions are necessary to support continued organ function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shock state resulting from loss of sympathetic tone causing relative hypovolemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circulatory shock state resulting from overwhelming infection causing relative hypovolemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physiologic state in which there is inadequate blood flow to tissues and cells of the body |
|
|
Term
| systemic inflammatory response syndrome |
|
Definition
| overwhelming inflammatory response in the absence of infection causing relative hypovolemia and decreased tissue perfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antitoxin manufactured from venom of poisonous snakes to assist the patient's immune system response to an envenomation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin that is bound to carbon monoxide and therefore is unable to bind with oxygen, resulting in hypoxemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkaline or acidic agent; causes tissue destruction after contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical opening of the cricothyroid membrane to obtain an airway that is maintained with a tracheostomy or endotracheal tube |
|
|
Term
| diagnostic peritoneal lavage |
|
Definition
| instillation of lactated Ringer's or normal saline solution into the abdominal cavity to detect red blood cells, white blood cells, bile, bacteria, amylase, or gastrointestinal contents indicative of abdominal injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triage category signifying potentially lifethreatening injuries or illnesses requiring immediate treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| injection of a poisonous material by sting, spine, bite, or other means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical incision of the extremity to the level of the fascia to relieve pressure and restore neurovascular function to the extremity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portable in-line traction applied to the lower extremity to manage femur or hip fractures or dislocations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triage category signifying non-life treatening injuries or illnesses that can be routinely managed in a clinic or physician's office or that require no medical care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triage category signifying episodic or minor injury or illness in which treatment may be delayed several hours or longer without increased morbidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triage category signifying life-threatening injuries or illnesses requiring immediate intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of assessing patients to determine management priorities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triage category signifying serious illness or injury that is not immediately life-threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a localized sac or dilation of an artery formed at a weak point in the vessel wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an invasive procedure that uses a balloon-tipped catheter to dilate a stenotic area of a blood vessel |
|
|
Term
| ankle-brahial index (ABI) or ankle-arm index (AAI) |
|
Definition
| ratio of the ankle systolic pressure to the arm systolic pressure; an objective measurement of arterial disease that provides quantification of the degree of stenosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles thicken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory process involving the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carohydrates, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of a large or medium-sized artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound produced by turbulent blood flow through an irregular, tortuous, stenotic, or dilated vessel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separation of the weakened elastic and fibromuscular elements in the medial layer of an artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combines B-mode gray-scale imaging of tissue, organs, and blood vessels with capabilities of estimating velocity changes by use of a pulsed Doppler |
|
|
Term
| intermittent claudication |
|
Definition
| a muscular, cramplike pain in the extremities consistently reproduced with the same degree of exercise or activity and relieved by rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persistent pain in the foot or digits when the patient is resting, indicating a severe degree of arterial insufficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reddish blue discoloration of the extremities; indicative of severe peripheral arterial damage in vessels that remain dilated and unable to constrict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing or constriction of a vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve (synonym:homograph) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repair of a cardiac valve's outer ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart valve replacement made from patient's own heart valve (eg, the pulmonic valve is excised and used as an aortic valve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease of the heart muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nondistensible fibrous strands connecting papillary muscles to atrioventricular (mitral, tricuspid) valve leaflets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repair of the chordae tendineae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| splitting or separating fused cardiac valve leaflets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve (synonym: xenograft) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve (synonym: allograft) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repair of a cardiac valve's movable "flaps" (leaflets) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| orthotopic transplantation |
|
Definition
| the recipient's heart is removed and a donor heart is grafted into the same site; the patient has one heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretching of an atrioventricular heart valve leaflet into the atrium during systole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| backward flow of blood through a heart valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing or obstruction of a cardiac valve's orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical device used to aid a failing heart, assisting the right and left ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insertion of a device at the site of malfunctioning heart valve to restore blood flow in one direction through the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repair of a stenosed or regurgitant cardiac valve by commissurotomy, annuloplasty, leaflet repair, or chordoplasty (or a combination of procedures) |
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Term
| ventricular assist device |
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Definition
| mechanical device used to aid a failing right or left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve (synonym: heterograft) |
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Term
| acute decompensated heart failure |
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Definition
| acute exacerbation of heart failure, with signs and symptoms resulting in markedly lower systemic perfusion |
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Term
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Definition
| the resistance to ejection of blood from a ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| urine output of less than 50ml/24hr |
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Term
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Definition
| an accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute |
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Term
| cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) |
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Definition
| a treatment for heart failure in which a device paces both ventricles to synchronize contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| the elasticity or amount of "give" when blood enters the ventricle |
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Term
| congestive heart failure (CHF) |
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Definition
| a fluid overload condition (congestion) associated with heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| the force of ventricular contraction; related to the number and state of myocardial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an alteration in the ability of the heart to fill; current term used to describe a type of heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| percentage of blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole that is ejected during systole; a measurement of contractility |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients; signs and symptoms of pulmonary and systemic congestion may or may not be present |
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Term
| left-sided heart failure (left ventricular failure) |
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Definition
| inability of the left ventricle to fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients; traditional term used to describe patient's symptoms of heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| diminished urine output; less than 500ml/24hr |
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Term
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Definition
| shortness of breath when laying flat |
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Term
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) |
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Definition
| shortness of breath that occurs suddenly during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure that involves aspiration of fluid from the pericardial sac |
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Term
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Definition
| surgically created opening of the pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of myocardial stretch just before systole caused by the volume of blood presented to the ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs |
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Term
| pulseless electrical activity (PEA) |
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Definition
| condition in which electrical activity is present but there is not an adequate pulse or blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| systolic blood pressure that is more than 10 mmHg higher during exhalation than during inspiration; difference is normally less than 10 mmHg |
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Term
| right-sided heart failure (right ventricular heart failure) |
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Definition
| inability of the right ventricle to fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to the pulmonary circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an alteration in the ability of the heart to contract; current term used to describe a type of heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| purposeful destruction of heart muscle cells, usually in an attempt to control a dysrhythmia |
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Term
| antiarrhythmic medication |
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Definition
| a medication that suppresses or prevents a dysrhythmia |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of the cardiac cells to initiate an electrical impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical current administered in synchrony with the patient's own QRS complex to stop a dysrhythmia |
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Term
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Definition
| rate of impulse formation |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical current administered to stop a dysrhythmia, not synchronized with the patient's QRS complex |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which cardiac muscle cells change from a more negatively charged to a more positively charged intracellular state |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| disorder of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulse within the heart, altering the heart rate, heart rhythm, or both and potentially causing altered blood flow (also referred to as arrhythmia) |
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Term
| elective replacement indicator (ERI) |
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Definition
| a signal produced by a pacemaker when it is interrogated to indicate a near-depleted battery |
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Term
| implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) |
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Definition
| a device implanted into the chest to treat dysrhythmias |
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Term
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Definition
| in reference to pacemakers, term used to describe the pacemaker withholding an impulse (not firing) |
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Term
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Definition
| force of myocardial contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of an electrocardiogram (ECG) that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| a dysrhythmia that has a sudden onset and/or termination and is usually of short duration |
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Term
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Definition
| the duration between the beginning of one P wave and the beginning of the next P wave; used to calculate atrial rate and rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse from the sinoatrial (SA) node through the atrioventricular (AV) node |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent (eg, a medication) that causes or exacerbates a dysrhythmia |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the ventricles; ventricular depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects the time from ventricular depolarization through repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which cardiac muscle cells return to a more negatively charged intracellular condition, their resting state |
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Term
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Definition
| the duration between the beginning of one QRS complex and the beginning of the next QRS complex; used to calculate ventricular rate and rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
| the level that the intracardiac electrical activity must exceed in order to be sensed by a pacemaker |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical activity of the heart initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave |
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Term
| supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) |
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Definition
| a rhythm that originates in the conduction system of the ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects repolarization of the ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects the time between the end of the T wave and the beginning of the next P wave; used to identify the isoelectric line |
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Term
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Definition
| in reference to pacemakers, term used to describe the release of an impulse in response to some stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of an ECG that may reflect Purkinje fiber repolarization; usually it is not seen unless a patient's serum potassium level is low |
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Term
| Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) |
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Definition
| a rhythm that originates in the ventricles |
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Term
| acute coronary syndrome (ACS) |
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Definition
| signs and symptoms that indicate unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction |
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Term
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Definition
| chest pain brought about by a myocardial ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid deposits within arterial vessels and protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing the lumen and obstructing blood flow; also called plaque |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and the lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse |
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Term
| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) |
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Definition
| a surgical procedure in which a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted onto the occluded coronary artery below the occlusion in such a way that blood flow bypasses the blockage |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme found in human tissues; one of the three types of CK is specific to heart muscle and may be used as an indicator of heart muscle injury |
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Term
| high-density lipoprotein (HDL) |
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Definition
| a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile; composed of a higher proportion of protein to lipid than low-density lipoprotein; exerts a beneficial effect on the arterial wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| insufficient tissue oxygenation |
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Term
| low-density lipoprotein (LDL) |
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Definition
| a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to tissues in the body; composed of a lower proportion of protein to lipid than high-density lipoprotein; exerts a harmful effect on the arterial wall |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease |
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Term
| myocardial infarction (MI) |
|
Definition
| death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow |
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Term
| percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) |
|
Definition
| an invasive procedure in which a catheter is placed in a coronary artery, and one of several methods is employed to remove or reduce a blockage within the artery |
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|
Term
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) |
|
Definition
| a type of percutaneous coronary intervention in which a balloon is inflated within a coronary artery to break an atheroma and open the vessel lumen, improving coronary artery blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| a woven mesh that provides structural support to a coronary vessel, preventing its closure |
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Term
|
Definition
| abrupt cessation of effective heart activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| an agent or process that breaks down blood clots |
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Term
|
Definition
| myocardial protein; measurement is used to assess heart muscle injury |
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|
Term
| What physiologic responses are found in all types of shock? |
|
Definition
- activation of the inflammatory response
- hypermetabolism
- hypoperfusion of tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| = [(2 x diastolic)+systolic] / 3 |
|
|
Term
| What is the stage of shock characterized by a normal blood pressure? |
|
Definition
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