Term
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Definition
| the absence of early memories (before the age of 3 years old) |
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Term
| Barlett, children and adults constuct memories, and the process of construction depends on prior knowledge and personal interpretatioin. |
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Definition
| one of the first explanations for infantile amnesia came from Freud who arged that early amnesia was caused by the repression of the emotionally traumatic events of early childhood. |
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Definition
| focus on what is similar about the event |
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| but adulthood , the routine events that young children prefer to recall have merged into scripts (or generic knowledge structures) about specific events like "what happens when we go to a resturant" childhood amnesia is therefore due to a combination of script formation and the forgetting of novel events. |
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Definition
recognition- is the ability to recognise that something is familiar and has been experienced before.
- recognition is usually contrasted with recalled memory
- recall- the retrieval of a conscious memory of what has been experiened in the past.
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Term
| implicit memory (unintentional or perceptual memory) |
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Definition
| memory without awareness. in implicit memory tasks, children and adults behave in ways that demonstrate that they have memory for informaiton that they are not consciously aware of having. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carroll Byrne, and Kirsner measured perceptual learning in 5, 7, & 10 year old children using a picture recognition task. the children were shown some pictures and eihter had to say hether each picture contained a cross (crosses had been drawn at randon on 33% of the pictures) or to say whether the picture was of something portable. the corss detection ask was intended to induce shallow processing task of the pictures at a perceptual level only and the portbility detection task was inteded to induce deep processing at the leveling of meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| children are given fragment words and have to fill in what the word means. ex. CH---RY |
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Term
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Definition
| faces have the advantage of being salient and important stimuli that are not dependent on verbal recall. for ex. if the same face is presented to adult subjects on two occasions, the reactioin time to recognise the face as familiar on the second occasion is dramtically reduced this is know as priming effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| memory for episodes or events in one's life and as such involves conscious or explicit recall. ex. adults have a resturant schema for representing the usual sequence of evetns when eating in a resturant and a laundry schema for representing the usual sequence of events when doing one's laundry. |
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Term
| critical period for language acquistion that extends from infancy to adolescence, during which language is optimal if ppl are not exposed to language until after childhood, they might never become proficient in speaking it. |
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Definition
| all languages share three charactertistis: semanticity, generativity, and displacement. |
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Term
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Definition
| a formal system of commuication involving symbols whether spoken, written or gestured and rules for combining them. |
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Term
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Definition
| the characterisitc of language marked by the ability to combine words in novel, meaningful ways. ex. having anti at the beginning of a sentencing meaning against something or having ED at the end of a word meaning that the word is past tense. |
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Term
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Definition
the characteristics of language marked by the ability to combine words in novel meaning ways.
ex. baby talk or shakespeare novels |
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Term
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Definition
the characteristic of language marked by the ability to refer to objects and events that are not present.
ex. to talk about someone in china,
your fifth birthday party, or who will win the world series next year. |
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Term
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Definition
the set of rules that governs the proper use and combination of language and symbols.
grammer consist of: phonology, syntax, and semantics. |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest unit of sound in a language |
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Term
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Definition
the study of the sounds that compose languages
the english language contains about 10. |
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Term
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Definition
the smallest meaningful units of language.
ex. the word book is composed of a single morphemes but when you add an "s" to it it contains 2 morphmes. |
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Term
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Definition
the rules that goven the acceptable arrangment of words in phrases and sentences.
ex. since you know english you would say, she ate the ice cream not she the ice cream ate
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Term
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Definition
| the word arrangments used to express meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| the word arrangments used to express meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how language conveys meaning |
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Definition
| the rules by which languages generate surface structures out of deep structures and deep structures out of surface structures. |
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Term
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Definition
the relationship between language and its social context
ex. a statement made by a study: "i can't wait to have dinner tonight" if spoken enthusiaticly might mean he/she might enjoy a delicious dinner, however, if spoken sarcasticly might mean he/she expects to be confronted by cafeteria food. |
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Term
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Definition
applying words too broadly
ex. when an infant refers her cat as kitty as well as dogs, cows, horses and other four-legged animals as kitty as well.
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Term
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Definition
applying words too narrowly
ex. when an infant refers to her cat but to no other cats as kitty |
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Term
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Definition
the use of single words to represent whole phrases or sentences.
ex. an infant might say car on one occasion to indicate that the family car has pulled into the driveway and on another occasion to indicate that he would like to go for a ride. |
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Term
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Definition
speech marked by reiance on nouns and verbs while other parts of speech, including articles and prepositions are omitted.
ex. baby drink?
mommy go? |
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Term
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Definition
| a unit of measurement that assesses children's level of language maturation |
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Term
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Definition
the application of grammical rules without making necessary exceptions.
ex.For example, adding-ed to the words when its should not be added. Ex "I goed to the library |
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Term
B.F. skinner claimed that lanuage is acquired solely throug learning chefly through the positive reinforcement of appropreiate speech.
ex. a 1 year old child might learn to say milk because her parents give her milk and praise her when she says milk. |
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Definition
| Albert Bandura stresses the role of observational learning in lanuage acquistioin. he assmes that children develop lanuage primarily by imitating the vocabulary and grammatical constrcutions used by their parents and others in thier everyday lives. |
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