People who happen to occupy the same physical space. Regular and conscious interaction does not take place.

Ex: audience

• family
• friends

• team
• class of students

1. Define in-group.
2. Define out-group
3. Describe attribution theory.
4. Give an example of attribution error.

1. In-group is the group we are a part of
2. Out group is the group we are not a part of
3. Attribution therory looks at how we attribute traits to members of our in-group and out groups.
4. An example of attribution error would be the focus on "stranger danger" in child safty program when most abductions are by family and friends.

• people are given a series of bar and asked to match up same size
• one is true subject all others are confederates
• purposely give wrong answers
• 1/3 of test subjects give wrong answers.
• Didn't want to go against the group.

• Learner, teacher, and expermenter
• teacher was asked to give shocks from 15v to 450v when student got a question wrong
• 2/3 teachers would give a shock, though obviously hurting the learner

1. What is groupthink?
2. Who described groupthink?
3. Indentify symptoms of groupthink.
4. Out comes?
5. Give two historical examples.

1. Groupthink is faulty decision-making in a group where pressure is being applied to come up with a unanimous decision.
2. Iving Janis descibed groupthink.
3. Symptoms of groupthink: illusion of invulnerability, rationalizing poor decisions, beliving in group's morality, excercising direct pressure on others.
4. Outcomes of groupthink: not being critical of each others ideas, not seeking expert opinion, being highly selective in gathering info
5. The Bay of Pigs in 1962, increasing troop in Vietnam (1967)

1. What is deviance?
2. Informal deviance?
3. Fomal deviance?

1. Deviance is behavior that deviates from the norm within society.
2. Informal deviance violates the the folkways within society
3. Formal deviance violates the mores within society.

1. Deviance brings people together
2. reinforces the norms of society
3. Brings about improvement within society
4. Provides a definition of what is acceptable behavior
5. Prevents further, more serious acts of non-conformity from happening.

1. Deviance creates societal instability
2. Deviance creates confusion about the norms within society
3. Creates distrust with society
4. Diverts important resources away from other areas within society (i.e. education, healthcare, housing...)

• Explain Durkheim's research on suicide.
• What is altruistic, egoistic, and anomic suicide? Give examples of each.

• When people are not bonded or connect to society through group attachments a high likelihood for suicide occur.
• Anomic suicide: A state of normlessness (anomie) exhists where the rules of society no longer hold meaning. (ex. teen suicide)
• Egoistic: People become totally detached from society. (ex. elderly suicde)
• Altruistic: excessive regulation of people by social forces. (ex. suicide bombers)

• murder
• rape
• robbery
• assault

• burglary
• theft
• motor vehicle theft
• arson

What is the most common index crime against property.

• Which rime measurement too uses a survey and gathers information on unreported crime?
• What six index crimes are tracked with this tool?
• What two index crimes are not tracked? Explain why.

• National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
• rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft
• Murder = dead cannot fill out
• Arson = owners are often the perpetrators

• African Americans 2x more likely to be arrested for a crime.
• poor and Af. Am. most likey victims of crime
• poor most likely to be arrested, procsecuted, covicted, and sentenced.
• Women commit more fraud, shoplifting, and prostitution than men.
• Women less likely to commit crime, but increasing
• Blamed on: changing self images, increased employment outside of home, and economic disadvantages
• Women less likely to be victims of crime
• Rape most underreported
  

• Changing self images
• Increased employment outside of the home
• persistent economic disadvantages

What factors impact the success of organized crime?

1. The use of threats, intimidation or violence
2. A legitimate business facade
3. Connections to police, courts, and even high powered politicians

• Define victimless (vice) crime
• Give two examples

• Crimes with no "complaining party"
• ex. Prostitution, using drugs

• What is white collar crime?
• Give two examples.

• People commit crime while doing their jobs within the corporate environment

• Ex. Fraud, tax evasion

• Define corporate crime.

• Give an example

• Corporations that violate law to maximize profits
• Corporate violence: making unsafe products and unsafe environment for workers
• Dalkon Shield IUD. Caused PID, infertility, and even death.

• Define government crime.
• Give an example

• Government or an agency of govenment commits a crime.
• Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (1932-1972). Done by Public Health Service to look at the affects of syphilis untreated.

• Defensive: Commited in an effort to "defend" wat the individual believes is theirs (i.e. neighborhood school)
• Thrill: commited for the thrill
• Mission: Commited to fulfill the mission of a group one is associated to (i.e. KKK, Neo Nazi)

• What is a status offense?
• Give two examples.

• Status offense is a violation that can only be commited by a juvenile.
• ex. running away, skipping school

1. Who described Strain Theory?
2. Explain the deviant adaptations of this theory.
3. Which major perspective is this theory associated to?

1. Robert Merton
2. Types of adaptation/ Culture's Goals / Institutionalized means
   
   • Conformist     +                  -
   • Inovator        +                      -
   • Ritualist        -                        +
   • Retreatists     -                       -
   • Rebels           -+                     -+
3. Functionalism
   

1. Who described Anomie Theory?
2. Explain the basic premise of this theory.
3. Which perspective is this theory associated to?

1. Emile Durkheim
2. A condidtion of normlessness where values and norms have little impact and culture does not provide adequate guidelines for behavior. If this exists Chance of deviance is higher.
3. Functionalism

1. Who described Social Control Theory?
2. Describe the four bonds of this theory.
3. Which perspective is this theory associated to?

1. Travis Hirschi
2. Four bonds
   • Attachment to others
   • Commitment to Conformity
   • Involvement in Conventional Activities
   • Belief in the Moral Validity of Social Rules
3.  Functionalism

1. Who described Adolescent Subcultures in the Capitalist Society?
2. Explain the basic premise of this theory.
3. Which perspective is this theory associated to?

1. Herman and Julia Schwindinger
2. Children raised in disadvantaged communities often fo to schools that dont prepair them fo the real world. As they become adult they cannot compete in the capitalist society and turn to deviance to meet their needs.
3. Conflict Theory

1. Who described Techniques of Neutraliztion?
2. Explain the four techniques of this theory.
3. Which perspective are they associated to?

1. Sykes and Matza
2. Four techniques
   • Denial of Responsibility
   • Denying the Injury
   • Denial of the victim
   • appealing to higher principles
   Symbolic Interaction

1. Who described Defferential Association?
2. Explain the basic premise of this theory.
3. Which perspective is this theory associated to?

1. Edwin Sutherland
2. Deviance is learned
3. Symbolic Interaction

1. Who described Labeling Theory?
2. Explain the basic premise of this theory.
3. Which perspective is this theory associated to?

1. Edwin Lemert
2. Examins who has the power within society to label and process individuals go through in accepting the labels given.
3. Symbolic Interaction