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Definition
| any strategy that helps you remember |
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| process of organizing input based on information already in LTM |
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Maintenance- keeping information in STM by rote repetition; ex: telephone number
Elaborative- required for more permanent storage; relating new information to what you already know; ex- Fiero |
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| keeping information in STM by rote repetition; ex: telephone number |
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| required for more permanent storage; relating new information to what you already know; ex- Fiero |
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| Theories of Forgetting (Interference Theory) |
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| Decay Theory vs. Interference Theory |
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| Proactive Interference (Interference Theory) |
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| material learned prior to what is being retrieved interferes |
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| material learned after what is being retrieved interferes |
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| Autobiographical Memories |
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memory for things that happened to you in the past
Bahrick’s “High School Yearbook” study |
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memory for emotionally arousing or surprising events
Space Shuttle Challenger
9/11 terrorist attacks |
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| Characteristics of Problems |
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Definition
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| Obstacles to Problem Solving |
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| Mental or response set vs. Functional Fixedness |
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| repeat same procedures that were successful in the past |
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| tendency to adhere to a single approach in problem solving; might be due to adoption of mental set |
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| Methods to Improve Problem Solving |
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Restructuring or changing the representation of the problem
Searching for analogies:
Personal
Direct
Symbolic
Fantasy
Working Backwards
Incubation
Setting Sub-goals |
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Definition
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| a similartiy between two like things |
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specific rules or procedures that guarantee an accurate solution
Ex: What word can be formed by re-arranging EABLL |
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| educated guess; informal strategy that works under some circumstances, some of the time |
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The tendency to assume that, if an object is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself.
Ex: social stereotypes
Base-rate information: data about the frequency or probability of a given item |
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| belief that if an event has not occurred for a while, then it is more likely to occur in the near future |
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| data about the frequency or probability of a given item |
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Availability Heuristic: when people attempt to assess the importance or frequency of an event, they tend to be guided by the ease with which examples of that event come to mind
Ex: Married students of NCSU |
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| the tendency to answer a question differently when it is phrased or worded differently |
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features or characteristics common to all languages
Eight linguistic universals |
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| Levels of Analysis for Language |
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Definition
Sounds of Language (Phonology)
Units of meaning within language (Morphology)
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics |
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| the study of how sounds are organized in language |
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| rules that govern how we combine morphemes |
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Syntax rules: how words are ordered and combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
Ex: grammatical rules learned in school such as “Noun-verb” agreement |
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Refers to comprehending the meaning of words, sentences, and text
Reference: when one element in a sentence relates to another element in the passage
Direct reference: short inferential leap
Ex: Linda is tired. She did not sleep well last night.
Indirect reference: requires more work from the listener
Ex: Linda is tired. Working nights is draining |
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| : all non-linguistic aspects of communication; includes rules of conversation and choice of words in social interaction |
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| Cooperative Conversational Postulates |
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Definition
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| Stages of Language Acquisition |
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Definition
Prelinguistic Stage
One-word Utterances
Two-word Utterances
Three-word Utterances and Beyond |
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| LAD (Language Acquisition Device) |
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Definition
| an innate device that allows us to learn language. |
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| things make sense after the fact |
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| Characteristics of Attitudes |
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| Stability - attitudes are relatively stable and are not usually subject to momentary changes |
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when your attitudes and behaviors don’t match; always want to reduce it:
Change behavior
Rationalization |
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| processes we use to assign causes to behavior |
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Dispositional (Internal)- internal to the person, something characteristic of the person
Situational (External)- external to the person, something about the particular context |
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helping someone else for no obvious benefit to yourself
State, situation, and personality influence likelihood to engage in altruistic behavior |
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| phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. |
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| Maintaining or changing behavior to match the behavior of the group |
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Definition
De-individuation: an individual becomes less aware of himself or herself - thinking of themselves less as individuals and more as part of the crowd
Panic: focus on one goal and forget about everything else; an individual may think only of him- or herself |
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Eight Linguistic Universals
Interpersonal/Communicative |
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Definition
| Interpersonal/Communicative – goal of language is to communicate between two or more individuals |
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Term
Eight Linguistic Universals
Symbolic |
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Definition
| Symbolic – symbols of language are arbitrary. The words we use do not have to sound like what they represent |
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Term
Eight Linguistic Universals
Meaningful |
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Definition
| Meaningful - each word expresses a meaningful idea or concept |
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Eight Linguistic Universals
Referential |
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Definition
| Referential - particular symbols (words or signs) refer to something in the world |
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Term
Eight Linguistic Universals
Structured |
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Definition
Structured - implicit rules about how sentences are put together
Ex: Word order |
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Eight Linguistic Universals
Multiplicity of Structure |
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| Multiplicity of Structure – words can have more than one meaning, and can say the same thing in many ways |
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Eight Linguistic Universals
Creative/Productive |
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| Creative/Productive – can use language to produce an infinite number of unique phrases and sentences |
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Term
Eight Linguistic Universals
Dynamic |
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Definition
| Dynamic – language is constantly evolving; new words and phrases are added into common language |
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Term
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Definition
Age: Birth to eighteen months
Characteristics: Crying, vocal play, babbling;
Even within this stage there are stages (substages)
i) reflexive crying – hungry, thirsty, wet
ii) cooing and laughter – in response to people or things
iii) vocal play – interactive or just listening to themselves |
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Term
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Definition
Age: Twelve to eighteen months (and beyond)
Characteristics: Holophrastic Speech (use a single word to communicate the meaning of a complete sentence)
What words are being used:
General nominals: doggie, juice, milk
Words that are important to them: MaMa, DaDa
Action words: Up, Give
Errors
Overextensions: Every man is Daddy
Underextensions: Only Kittie is my Cat |
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Term
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Definition
Age: Eighteen months-Two years
Telegraphic Speech - include the important words and leave out the rest.
Ex: More juice! |
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Term
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Definition
Age: Two years- 2.5 years
Characteristics - increasing use of syntax; sentences grow longer and more complex. Begin to acquire grammaticality; this is where children learn the rules of the language.
Berko’s (1958) Wugs
Overregularizations - a rule is applied more widely than it should be. A regular morpheme ending is added to both regular and irregular verbs. Ex: I goed. |
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