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Definition
| – awareness of oneself and the environment |
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Definition
| – A periodic, more of less regular fluctuation in a biological system; may or may not have psychological implications. |
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Definition
| – the synchronization of biological rhythms with external cues, such as fluctuations in daylight |
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Definition
| – generated from within rather than by external cues |
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Definition
| – a biological rhythm with a period (from peak to peak or trough to trough) of about 24 hours |
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Definition
| – a biological rhythm that occurs less frequently thank once a day |
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Definition
| – a biological rhythm that occurs more frequently than once a day |
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Definition
| – An area of the brain containing a biological clock that governs circadian rhythms |
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Definition
| – a hormone secreted by the pineal gland; it is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms |
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Term
| internal desynchronization |
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Definition
| – a state in which biological rhythms are not in phase with one another |
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| Season affective disorder |
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Definition
| – a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring |
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Definition
| a vague cluster of physical and emotional symptoms associated with the days preceding menstruation – fatigue, headache, irritability, and depression. |
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Definition
| a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, cuasing a person to choke and gasp, and momentarily awaken |
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Definition
| a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep |
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Definition
| – sleep periods characterized by eye movement, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming. |
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Term
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Definition
| – during stage 2 of sleep, your brain emits occasional short bursts of rapid high peaking waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| during stage 3, in addition to the waves of stage 2, your brain occasionally emits delta waves, very slow waves with very high peaks. |
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Definition
| a dream in which the dreamer is aware of dreaming. |
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Term
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Definition
| – to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
| – the aspects of a dream that we consciously experience during sleep and may remember upon wakening |
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Definition
| the unconscious wishes and thoughts being expressed symbolically. |
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Term
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Definition
| – to express ongoing concerns of waking life and/or resolve current concerns and problems |
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Term
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Definition
| – by product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| – none; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals, though cortical interpretations of those signals may reflect concerns and conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
| – a drug capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior |
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Definition
| drugs that speed up activities in the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs, derived from the opium poppy, that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria |
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Term
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Definition
| – conscious altering drugs that produce hallucinations, change thought processes, or disrupt the normal perception of time and space. |
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Term
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Definition
| – increased resistance to a drug’s effects accompanying continued use; as tolerance develops, larger doses are required to produce effects once brought about by smaller ones |
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Definition
| – physical and psychological symptoms that occur when someone addicted a drug stops taking it. |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| – a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of others. |
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Term
| sociocognitive explanation of hypnosis – |
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Definition
| the effects of hypnosis result from an interaction between the social influence of the hypnotist and the abilities, beliefs, and expectation of the subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| – the detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects; it occurs when energy in the external environment or the body stimulates receptors in the sense organs |
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Term
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Definition
| – the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information. |
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Term
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Definition
| – specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain. |
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Term
| doctrine of specific nerve energies |
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Definition
| – the principle that different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| – a condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another |
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Term
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Definition
| – the smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer |
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Term
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Definition
| – the smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared |
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Term
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Definition
| – a psychophysical theory that divides the detection of a sensory signal into a sensory process and a decision process |
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Definition
| – the reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanged or repetitive. |
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Term
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Definition
| – the absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| – the focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| – the dimension of visual experience specified by color names and related to the wavelength of light |
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Term
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Definition
| – lightenss of luminance: the dimension of visual experience related to the amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| – vividness or purity of color; the dimension of visual experience related to the complexity of light waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| – protects the eye and bends incoming light rays toward a lens located behind it |
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Term
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Definition
| – the part of the eye that controls the amount of light that gets into the eye. It gives the eye color. |
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Term
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Definition
| – subtly changing its shape, becoming more or less curved to focus light from objects that are close by or far away |
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Term
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Definition
| – neural tissue lining the back of the eyeball’s interior, which contains the receptors of vision |
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Term
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Definition
| – visual receptors that respond to dim light |
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Term
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Definition
| – visual receptors involved in color vision |
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Term
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Definition
| – a process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light |
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Term
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Definition
| – neurons in the retina of the eye, which gather information from receptor cells, their axons make up the optic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| – formed by the axons of the Ganglion cells. It carries information out through the back of the eye and on to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| – where the optic nerves leave the eye there are no rods or cones. The absence of receptors produces a blind spot in the field of vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| – a theory of color perception that proposes three mechanisms in the visual system, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths; their interaction is assumed to produce all the different experiences of hue. |
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Term
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Definition
| – a theory of color perception that assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colors as opposing or antagonistic. |
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Term
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Definition
| theses psychologists belonged to a movement that began in Germany and was influential in the 1920s and 30s, were among the first to study how people organize the world visually into meaningful units and patterns. In German, Gestalt means “pattern” or “configuration”. The Gestalt psychologists’ motto was the whole is more than the sum of its parts. They observed that when we perceive something, properties emerge from the whole configuration that is not found in any particular component. When you watch a movie, for example, the motion you see is nowhere in the film, which consists of separate static frames projected at 24 frames per second. |
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Term
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Definition
| the figure stands out from the rest of the environement. Some things stand out as a figure by virture of their intensity or size; it is hard to ignore the blinding flash of a camera or a tidal wave approaching your piece of beach. Moving objects in an otherwise still environment will usually be seen as figure. Indeed, it is hard to ignore a sudden change of any kind in the environment because our brains are geared to repond to change an dcontrast. However, selective attention gives us some control over what we perceive as figure and ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| things that are near each other tend to be grouped together. |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain tends to fill in gaps in order to perceive complete forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| things that are alike in some eway tend to be perceived as belonging together. |
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Term
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Definition
| lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time or space. |
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Definition
| visual cues to depth or distance requiring two eyes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object |
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Term
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Definition
| the slight difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce. |
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Term
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Definition
| the dimension of auditory experience related to the intensity of a pressure wave |
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Term
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Definition
| the dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of a pressure wave; the height or depth of a tone |
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Term
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Definition
| the distinguishing quality of a sound; the dimension of auditory experience related to the complexity of the pressure wave |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in the cochlea containing hair cells that serve as the receptors for hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| – a snail shaped, fluid filled organ in the inner ear, containing the organ of Corti, where the receptors for hearing are located. |
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Term
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Definition
| where the hair cells of the cochlea are embedded. It stretches across the interior of the cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| : nerve that carries audio signals to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| – knoblike elevations on the tounge, containing the taste buds |
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Term
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Definition
| : nests of taste receptor cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| – the theory that the experience of pain depends in part on whether pain impulses get past a neurological “gate” in the spinal cord and thus reach the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| – pain that a person continues to feel even after a limb is amputated. |
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Term
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Definition
| – the sense of the body position and the movement of body parts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| – sense organs in the inner ear that contribute to equilibrium by responding to rotation of the head. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of purported psychic phenomena such as ESP and mental telepathy |
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