Term
| Nonspecific/ Innate/ Natural immune system |
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Definition
| everything your body does to kill/ inhibit microbes in general |
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Term
| Specific/ Acquired/ Adaptive immune system |
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Definition
1. Specific response for each pathogen
2. Memory pathogen
3. Great diversity
4. Distinguish between "self" and "non- self" |
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Term
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Definition
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
3. Granulocytes
4. Mast cells
5. Dendritic cells
6. Cytokines |
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Definition
| major part of the immune system |
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Term
| Null cells/ Natural killer cells: |
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Definition
| part of innate system and kill pathogens or cells with pathogen |
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Term
| Enzymes produced by Null and Natural Killer cells |
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Definition
- Perforin- make holes in the membrane of infected cells
- Granzyme- digest bacteria |
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Definition
| Mature to macro phages and eat up bacteria in infected cell. It is scattered throughout the body, especially in lymph |
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Definition
PMN- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (many shapes)
Types-
Basophils release histamines responsible for allergies
Eosinophils anti- protozoa or anit- worm
Neutrophils also phagocytosis and circulate through out the body |
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| Part of ALT (associated lymphoid tissue- where all microbes make first contact) |
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Definition
| hormones used by immune system |
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Term
| Primary Lymphoid organs/ tissues |
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Definition
Bone Marrow- make most blood cells/ maturing B- cells
Thymus- Maturing T- cells |
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Term
| Secondary Lymphoid organs/ tissue |
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Definition
Lymph nodes- throughout the body- screening non- blood fluid for microbes
Spleen- Screen blood for microbes |
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Definition
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Definition
| catch microbes on interior surface |
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Definition
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| pH of stomach, vagina, urethra |
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Definition
| low pH digest/ Kill microbes |
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Definition
| blood PRO- makes iron limiting nutrient in blood |
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Definition
-microbes that usually live in an organism
competition- use up resources so nothing is left for the pathogens
bacteriocins- antibacterial chemicals from col- plasmids- encode genes to make antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
1. Mast cells release histamines and inflammatory chemicals
2. Capillaries dilate and become more porous
3. Neutrophils come and pass through the blood vessels
4. Localized raise in temperature/ drop in pH and hinder bacterial growth and stimulate immune system |
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Definition
| Lasts a long time and bacteria are not removed. Often caused by bacteria that infect macrophages (or other WBC. Granulomas quarantine infected macrophages |
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Definition
| Often meant by "innate immunity" |
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Term
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Definition
1. Alternative
2. Lectin
3. Classical |
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Term
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Definition
1. The blood protein C3b binds bacteria
2. Complementary pathway involve many PROs
3. Membrane attack complex (MAC)- make holes in bacterial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Mannose- binding protein (MBP): blood PRO binds to peptidoglycans and recruit complement pathway |
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Definition
| Discovered first and operates in conjunction with specific immune system |
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Definition
| Coating bacteria with a signal for phagocytosis |
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Term
| Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) |
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Definition
1. Pattern recognition receptors (PRR's) directly recognize bacteria
2. Opsonin receptors recognize opconins and more effecting than PRR's
3.Phagosomes/ phagolysosome- is where bacteria is internalized by endocytosis and degraded in lysosome. |
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Term
| Two types of specific Immunity |
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Definition
1. Humoral uses antibodies, B cells and helper T cells
2. Cell Mediated (NOT nearly as funny)- uses T cell receptors and killer T cells |
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Definition
| Make your own T- cells receptors and antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Given T- cell receptors and antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| foreign molecules recognized by antibodies or T- cell receptors |
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Definition
| Specific site on the antigen that is being bound |
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Term
| CD's (Cluster of Differentiation) proteins |
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Definition
| on the surface of specific immune system cells |
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Term
| Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) |
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Definition
Y structure- 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
Both heavy and light chains have constant( fixed in all antibodies) and variable regions (unique for antigens). The variable regions are located at the tips of "y" |
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Definition
different fixed regions
IgG- "normal" very specific, monomeric
IgM- made early in immune response, law affinity pentamers |
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Term
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Definition
| make antibodies. each cell makes 1 type of antibody. The different types of antibodies are made by: combining different portion of the antibody gene in different combinations, each with a new antigen |
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Term
| B cell stimulation yields two cell types |
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Definition
1. Plasma cells make lots of antibodies
2. Memory B cells wait till the next infection |
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Term
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Definition
| always on the surface of T cells and each T cells is going to make one specific t cell receptor |
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Term
| Major Histocompatibility complexes (MHC) |
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Definition
| on the surface of cells and display antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in all cells- display proteins from cell's cytosol |
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Definition
| found only in phagocytes- display protein from phagosome |
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Definition
- points out the problem and fixes it
- make perforins and granzyme |
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Term
| Regulator T- cells (helper T- cells, CD4 cells) |
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Definition
| look @ class II MHC- find , match up, then stimulate appropriate B Cells to make antibodies |
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Definition
| Requires not only 1. antigen binding but also 2. helper T- cells |
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Term
| Classical complement pathway |
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Definition
| form membrane attack complexes in response to antibodies on bacterial surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| First exposure to chicken pox and it takes about 2 weeks to make specific antibodies |
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Term
| Secondary Immune Response |
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Definition
| After first exposure- only days to make same antibodies again |
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Definition
| aka anti venom- antibodies that neutralize a toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary response happens fast enough you do not get the disease (again) |
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Definition
1. whole organism: inactivated- kill pathogens and inject it in host
2. whole organism: attenuated- weaken and then injected
3. Macromolecule vaccines- inject some purified PRO from pathogen
4. Recombinant vector vaccines- put PRO from a pathogen into a non- pathogen and inject that
5. DNA- inject DNA encodes PRO antigen |
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Term
| Clinial uses for antibodies |
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Definition
1. Agglutination assay
2. ELISA assays
3. Immunoblotting/ Immunofluorescence
4. Serotyping |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of immune complex requires the antigen to have multiple epitopes |
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Term
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Definition
1.apply antigen to a surface
2.add a fluorescent antibody to specific antigen
3. Level of fluorescence- how much antigen was in the sample |
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Term
| Immunoblotting/ Immunofluorescence, etc |
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Definition
| Use a antibody to see where a specific antigen is (in a cell or on a gel) |
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Definition
| determining what bacterial strains are present |
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Term
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Definition
1. Hypersensitivities- over active immune system
2. Autoimmunity- antibodies binding "self" antigens (IgG's binding specific)
3. Transplant rejection- body attacks organs as "non- self"
4. Immunodeficiencies- not enough immune response |
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Term
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Definition
Type I- IgE mediated mast cell
Type II- (cytolytic) - cells with antigen killed
Type III- formation of immune complexes (clots of antigen/ antibody)
Type IV- delayed response (2 days) |
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Term
| Type I hypersensitivities |
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Definition
Anaphylaxis- arterioles dilating
Hay fever- localized anaphylaxis- upper respiratory
Asthma- localized anaphylaxis- Lower respiratory
Hives- eruptions on skin
Desensitization- treatment of type I injecting antigen until body makes IgG's instead of IgE's |
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Term
| Contact dermatitis (e.g. Poison Oak) |
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Definition
| oils combine with skin particles to produce antigens |
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Definition
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Definition
HLA typing- matching MHC types
Graft versus- host- disease- opposite of transplant rejection |
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Term
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Definition
| where the a pathogen reproduces |
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Definition
| essential step in the life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Non- essential parts of the life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Non- essential host that carries human pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| Host giving off pathogens |
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Term
| Primary/ opportunistic pathogen |
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Definition
| always pathogen/ only compromised host |
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Term
| Virulence (degree of pathogen) |
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Definition
a. Invasiveness- how quick pathogen spreads (ability to spread)
b. Infectivity- establish infection
c. Toxigencity- ability to make toxins |
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Term
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Definition
1. Exotoxins- potent, specific, antigenic
-->AB exotoxins: 2 parts (one part binds to the cell and the other is active)
-->Specific site toxins- named for the location they effect
-->membrane disrupting exotoxins
Endotoxin - gram negative, not potent, general effects, not antigenic |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins make pathogen, not pathogenic |
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Definition
pieces of Dna that encode virulence factors and capable of forming non- pathogen into pathogen.
Found in plasmids and transposons |
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Definition
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Term
| Envasion of host defenses |
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Definition
1. Mutation- changing the surface of the antigens
2. Avoid membrane attack complex make membrane comp. incampatible.
3. Avoid phagocytosis which means that a capsule is contained making it hard to swallow.
4.Survive inside phagocytes and prevent digestion/ transfer to lysosome |
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Term
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Definition
1904- looked for antimicobials
selective toxicty- kills pathogen, but not you |
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Definition
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Definition
1. Sulfonamides- inhibits follic acid synthesis
2. Quinolones- inhibit bacterial DNA topoisomerases
3. Penicillin- inhibit cell wall synthesis (Ampicillin/ Amoxicillin)
4.Ceohalosporins- work like penicillin but less allergic
5. Tetracyclines, Erythromycins, and Chloramphenicols- inhibit protein synthesis
6. Amnioglycosides- inhibit protein synthesis- bacterialcidal |
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Term
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Definition
1. Prevent penetration/ uncoating- flu drugs (try to inhibit binding)
2. Polymerase inhibitors- specifically target viral DNA/RNA polymerases
3. Protease inhibitors inhibit the cleavage of polyproteins
4.Interferons are a type of cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
1. Membrane Permeability- drug cannot get in
2. Pumps- pump drug at
-- Multi- resistance protein- pump for small molecule
3. Drug inactivation bind and destroy the drug |
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| higher frequency than expected |
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Definition
| Epidemic on a large scale |
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Definition
| percent of people with a particular pathogen. Morbidity> prevalence |
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Definition
| percent of people infected with particular pathogen at a particular time |
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Definition
| set of symptoms where pathogens are unknown |
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Definition
| lots of people get sick from a single exposure |
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Definition
| spread from person to person |
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Definition
| population of ppl resistant to a pathogen |
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Definition
| PATHOGEN changing antigen |
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Term
| What pathogen causes disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the source/ reservoir? |
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Definition
1. ACTIVE/ CONVALESCENT/ HEALTHY/ INCUBATORY CARRIER= person with a pathogen is capable of have/ had/ don't have/ dont have yet.
2. Incubation Period- onset of symptoms from the infection
3. Prodromal Stage- Time from symptoms to diagnosis
4. Period of infectivity- Contagious period |
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Term
| How was a pathogen transmitted? |
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Definition
1. Airbourne (small droplets/ dust)- stay in the air for a few hours.\
2. Contact
3. Vehicles/ formites- inanimate objects that pass on the disease
4. Vector- bourne (external/ mechanical or internal)- living organism |
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Term
| What pathogens are more likely to be very virulent and have high mortality rates? |
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Definition
| Vector Bourne because it is easy to carry high conc. Pathogen can survive in the environment even if the host dies. |
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Term
| Emerging/ Reemerging infectious disease |
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Definition
1. New disease always appearing
2. Since 1980 infectious disease is increasing
3. Infectious disease will never disappear |
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Term
| Increased Disease due too.. |
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Definition
1.Globalization of food processing
2.Altering the environment- Humans kill the predator and sick deer live and get biten by ticks and then infect us.
3. Developed countries (4% mortality) v. Developing (>50%) have deaths due to infectious disease
4. ^population density= ^infectious disease
5. Nosocomial infections from the hospital and also the overuse of antibiotics which create drug resistant strain
6. Immunosuppressed- Pathogen to mutate and evolve in the body
7. Space Travel- ^ space microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| involves relatively few organisms. The fear that special agents (microbes for terrorist threats) can be used in war. |
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Definition
| Caused by the Varicella - Zoster virus |
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Definition
| caused by herpes zoster virus |
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| Caused by orthoryxoviruses |
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Definition
| caused by morbillvirus. Receive the MMR vaccine |
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Definition
| caused by rubulavirus. Receive the MMR vaccine |
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Definition
| caused by Rubella virus. Receive the MMR vaccine |
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Definition
| Severe Acute Respiratory Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Yellow fever, West Nile, Hantavirus |
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Definition
| Caused by human immunodefiency Virus (HIV) |
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Definition
| Caused by Herpes Simpled Virus type I- same family as the virus from genital herpes. |
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Definition
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| caused by Epstein- Barr Virus |
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| ingesting fecal matter (usually in developing countries) |
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| Caused by Corynebacterium diptherium. DPT vaccine |
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Definition
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Term
| Tetanus (this is actually a direct contact disease) |
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Definition
| Caused by bacteria in the genus clostridiums, which you hopefully remember are often anaerobic, endopore forming, and toxin producing. received the DPT vaccine. |
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| Hemophilus influenza or by streptococcus |
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| Strains can cause infection on the skin (S.aureus), in the throat (strep)/ scarlet fever, also TSLS. |
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| Rocky mountain spotted fever |
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Definition
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| caused by bacillus anthracis. Exposed by pulmonary or cutaneous |
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Definition
| bacteria in the genus clostridium |
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Term
| Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) |
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Definition
| Caused by Mycobacterium leprae |
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Definition
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| caused by the bacterium in the genus Clostridium, and generally caused food toxicity. Botulinum toxin, aka botox is used clinically to paralyze uncontrolled spasms of muscles |
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| caused by the vibrio cholera |
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Definition
Build up (plaque)--> decay (caries)
Peridontal- disease affects the structures that support the teeth.
Gingivitis- type of peridontal disease that is inflammation of the gums |
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Definition
| fungal infection caused by candida albicans |
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Definition
| caused by protist plasmodium, which carried mosquitos |
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Definition
| cause by protist Leishmania, which carried by sand flies |
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Definition
| cause by protist trypanosomes, which are carried by teste flies |
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Definition
| cause by protist trypanosomes, which are carried by killer flies |
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Definition
| caused toxoplasma gondii in pregnant |
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| Unpurifeid water might contain |
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Definition
| Amoebas, giardia, cytosporidia |
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