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Details Title: Test 3 Description: Dr Adamchack A&P 1 Test 3 Total Flash Cards: 189 Created: 04/30/2008 05:36:28	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term The negative and positive side of a cell are separated, this is called? Definition Charge Separation Term The difference between the positive side and the negative side of a cell is call? Definition Potential Term Charge separation on a call is done by the? Definition Cell membrane Term What is the major protien inside the cell that carries the negative charge? Definition Potassium Ka+ Term The charge difference between the outside and inside of a cell at rest is called the? Definition Resting membrane potential Term Why does Potassium leak out of the cell and Sodium leak into the cell? Definition Diffusion Term What type of active transport is the sodium/potasium pump? Definition counter-transport Term Counter-Transport of muscle cells moves _____ sodium ions and _____ Potassium ions. Definition 3 and 2 Term Define a cell at rest. Definition A cell not being stimulated and is at -70mv Term What type of cells are electrically excitable? Definition Muscle and Nerve cells Term What determines how much permeability to ions a cell has? Definition the size of the stimuli Term Weak stimuli will give rise to _______ potential. Definition Local Term What is another phrase for local potential? Definition Graded Potential Term What type of stimuli are long duration? Definition Strong Stimuli Term Durring Action potential the cell becomes more permeable to _______ first, then ______ second. Definition Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) Term strong stimuli causes depolarization to -55mv, this voltage is called the _________. Definition threshold Term What brings the cell back to the resting potential after hyperpolarization? Definition The sodium-potassium pump Term At what voltage do the sodium gates close and the potassium gates open? Definition +30mv Term What type of stimuli is required to produce an action potential durring the relative refractory period. Definition Stronger stimuli then the original stimuli. Term At what voltage do the sodium channels open? Definition -55mv Term Name 4 functions of muscles. Definition Movement, Heat production, maintain posture, guards body organs not protected by bone Term Fascia is? Definition fibrous connective tissue wrapped around the outside of a muscle Term A fascicle is wrapped by the? Definition Perimysium Term Many fascicles are wrapped by the? Definition Epimysium Term What is the sarcolemma? Definition Muscle cell membrane Term A myofibril contains what two proteins? Definition Myosin and Actin Term Name the components of the Actin Protein. Definition Troponin complex, Tropomyosin, F-Actin Term What are the three things the troponin molecules have an affinity for. Definition Calcium, Tropomyacin, G-actin Term When the myosin head attaches to the actin, this is called _______________. Definition Cross bridge attachment Term At full muscle contraction, what part of the sarcomere is gone? Definition H Zone Term To relax a muscle, what has to happen? Definition Calcium is pumped back into the terminal cisterna Term When does Rigor mortis begin? Definition 3-4 hours after death Term What are the steps of rigor mortis? Definition Death, no further ATP production, Calcium leaks out of terminal systerna, muscle contraction occurs, No ATP to release Term A chemical that causes and action potential on a cell membrane is called a? Definition neurotransmitter Term The axon and all the muscle cells that it attaches to is called? Definition Motor Unit Term What is the individual muscle rule? Definition All or none, motor unit is either fully contracted or not at all Term Everything up the myosin head piviting is called the ________ phase. Definition Lag Term Tension is dependant on? Definition How many motor units are contracted. Term In multiple wave stimulation what causes higher and higher tension? Definition Faster and faster frequency Term why can't complete tetany be sustained? Definition unavailability of ATP (fatigue) Term When does the insertion point of a muscle move? Definition When the muscle contracts Term What are the two ways the amount of muscle tension is controlled? Definition Multiple motor sumation, multiple wave stimulation Term A warmup phenomenon of muscles is called? Definition Treppe Term When do muscles loose tone? Definition When then nerve is severed. Term ________________ means no change in muscle length when it is contracted. Definition Isometric Term What is the energy stored as when ATP is broken down to ADP for energy storage? Definition Creatin Phosphate Term When is Creatin Phosphate broken down by the muscle? Definition Durring peak activity Term Slow twitch fibers are more _________________ and can maintain thier contraction _______________. Definition Aerobic, longer Term Are slow twitch muscles redder or whiter than fast twitch muscles? Definition Redder Term What are 2 functions of the nervous system? Definition Maintain homeostasis, Monitor internal and external sensory input Term What two systems maintain homeostasis? Definition nervous system and endocrine system Term What are groups of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system called? Definition ganglia Term What are groups of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system called? Definition Neucleous Term conscious control of muscles is called _____________ system? Definition Somatic Term Dendtrites direct information ___________________ the cell body? Definition Toward Term What part of a dendrite is the dentritic spine? Definition The branches Term the Axon hillock is the? Definition The attachment part of the Axon to the nerve cell body. Term what directs information toward the nerve cell body? Definition Dendrites Term A terminal bouton is also called? Definition synaptic bulb or axon terminals Term A dendrite can recieve an action potential from? Definition A synapse, or an axon Term Can an axon synapse with an axon of another neuron? Definition yes Term Unipolar neurons are used for what type of information? Definition Sensory (heat, cold, touch) Term What type of cell produces Cerebral spinal fluid? Definition ependymal cells Term What type of cell holds up an holds axons and blood vessels? Definition Astrocytes Term What type of cells are the phagocytes of the CNS? Definition Microglia Term What type of cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS? Definition Schwann Cells Term What are two functions of the myelin sheath? Definition Increases the speed (150x), insulates axons from axons Term Neurotransmitters are released by? Definition Pre synaptic terminal Term What breaks down acetycholin? Definition Acetycholinesterace Term What part of Actin is not present in smooth muscle? Definition Troponin Term In smooth muscle, contraction is initiated by? Definition calcium activated phosphorylation of myosin Term What is the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction? Definition rapidly cycling crossbridges form between activated actin and phosphorylated myosin Term What is a neuromodulator? Definition Substance that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters Term What does a neurmodulator influence? Definition Speed Term Something that causes pre synaptic facilitation and pre synaptic inhabition is called a? Definition neuromodulator Term What are the parts of the central nervous system? Definition Brain, Spinal Cord, Neuclei Term What are the lobes of the cerebrum? Definition Frontal, Parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital Term What are three types of structures of the cerebrum? Definition fold (gyrus), groove (sulcus), Fissure Term A very deep groove in the cerebrum is called a? Definition fissure Term The lateral Sulcus seperates? Definition The temporal from parietal, frontal Term the Central sulcus connects? Definition Longitudinal fissure to lateral sulcus (frontal/parietal) Term What term describes the warm up of terminal cisternae to release full calcium levels and for that calscium to spread out in the muscle? Definition Treppe Term What is atrophy? Definition Decreased muscle tone that can lead to decreased muscle cell size Term What is hypertrophy? Definition The growth of muscle size from use due to more myofibrals. Term What is energetics? Definition The breakdown of ATP into ADP and the storage of that energy as Creatin Phosphate Term When is creatin phosphate broken down to convert ADP to ATP to use the stored energy? Definition Durring peak activity (aerobic activity) Term Name two differences between fast twitch and slow twitch muscles. Definition Contraction speed, slow twitch is more aerobic and fast is more anaerobic Term When you strengthen muscles and they become more effective oxygen users, this is called? Definition conditioning Term Why are slow twitch muscles redder than fast twitch? Definition Myoglobin helping to store oxygen in muscle Term Skeletal muscles are somatic, while cardiac, smooth muscle and glands are? Definition autonomic Term Neurons cannot divide because they have no? Definition Centrioles Term What is the difference between Neuclei and Ganglia? Definition Neuclei are in the CNS and Ganglia are in the PNS Term Which way do dendrites direct information? Definition Toward the cell body Term What functional classification of neuron has no myelin sheath? Definition Bipolar Neuron Term What neuron helper cell provides structure to the axons and blood vessels? Definition Astrocyte Term What type of helper cell makes myelin sheaths in the CNS? Definition Oligodendricytes Term What type of helper cell makes myelin sheaths in the PNS? Definition Schwann Cells Term What type of cell makes a "jelly roll" around the axon? Definition Oligodendricytes Term What are two functions of a neuromodulator? Definition Influence speed, and sensitivity Term Name the six lobes of the cerebrum. Definition Frontal, L&R parietal, L&R temporal, occipital Term A fold in the cerebrum is called? Definition a Gyrus Term What sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the parietal, frontal? Definition Lateral sulcus Term What sulcus divides the frontal and parietal? Definition Central Sulcus Term A deep groove ,in the brain is called? Definition A fissure Term Where is our conscious mind located in the brain? Definition Cerebral cortex Term What part of the cerebral cortex is gray matter? Definition Outer 1/8th of an inch Term What part of the brain is associated with motivation, mood, emotional control, and behavior? Definition PreFrontal area Term Where is the pre-motor area of the brain located? Definition just anterior to the precentral gyrus Term The precentral gyrus area performs what functions? Definition controls voluntary movement especially fine motor control Term The primary sensory are part of the cerebrl cortex is located in what area of the brain? Definition Post central gyrus of the parietal lobe, Just posterior to the central sulcus Term What part of the brain analyses sensory input with past exerience? Definition Sensory association area, posterior to the post central gyrus Term The cerebral medulla is mainly what type of brain matter? Why? Definition White matter, myolenated axons for rapid information movement. Term If a person's wernicke's area was damaged, what would be effected? Definition The ability to understand speech. Term The Diencephalon consists of what structures? Definition Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus Term The Thalamus is described as? Definition Two egg shaped structures connected by the intermediate mass Term What part of the brain routes sensory information to the proper areas of the brain? Definition Thalamus Term The #1 regulator of the sleep/wake cycle is the? Definition Pineal body Term The pineal body is on what? Definition Epithalamus Term What part of the Diencephalon plays a roll in puberty? Definition Pineal body Term What gland is the #2 regulator of the sleep/wake cycle? Definition Pituitary gland Term What gland sits in the sella tercica? Definition Pituitary gland Term What gland is refered to as the "master endocrine gland"? Definition Pituitary gland Term What is the smallest part of the brainstem? Definition Midbrain Term Visual reflexes are controlled by? Definition 2 superior colliculus of the Corpora quadrigemini Term What is a triad? Definition 2 Terminal cisternae and a t-tubule (where they all connect) Term What are the two parts of a muscle fascicle? Definition The perimycium and the Endomycium Term Neuroglia are also called? Definition Glial cells (helper cells) Term Name the four parts of the brain that control the sleep-wake cycle, in order of importance. Definition Epithalamus(Pineal), Pituitary(hypothalamus), Pons, Reticular formation Term Sternocleidomastoid Origin? Definition manubrium and clavical Term Sternocleidomastoid Insertion? Definition Mastoid process Term Sternocleidomastoid Action? Definition Rotate and flexion Term Rectus abdominus origin? Definition Pubic Synphysis Term Rectus abdominus insertion? Definition xiphoid process and ribs Term REctus abdominus action? Definition flexes vertebral column Term External oblique Origin? Insertion? Definition Ribs 5-12, Linea Alba and iliac crest Term Internal oblique origin? Insertion? Definition Iliac crest, Ribs 10-12 Term Internal oblique action? Definition flexes and rotates vertebral column Term Transverse abdominus origin? Insertion? Definition Ribs 7-12 and iliac crest, Inserts at Linea Alba and pubis Term Transverse abdominus action? Definition compresses abdomen Term Levator scapulae origin? insertion? Definition C1-C4, Scapula Term Levator scapulae action? Definition elevates scapula Term Trapezius origin? insertion? Definition Occipital bone and C7-12, insertion clavicle and scapula Term Trapezius action? Definition extend head and neck, elevate and depress scapula Term Deltoid origin, insertion? Definition Origin Clavicle and scapula, insertion deltoid tuberosity Term Deltoid action? Definition abducts shoulder Term Latissimus dorsi origin? Insertion? Definition Origin T7-L5, sacrum and iliac crest, Ins Humerus Term Latissimus dorsi action? Definition adducts and extends shoulder Term Serratus anterior origin? Insertion? Definition Origin Ribs 1-9, Insertion Scapula Term Serratus anterior action? Definition fixes scapula, elevates ribs Term Pectoralis Major Origin ? Insertion? Definition Origin Calvicle, sternum and ribs 1-7, Insertion Humerus Term Pectoralis major action? Definition Adducts and flexes shoulder Term Pectoralis MINOR origin? Insertion? Definition Origin ribs 3-5, Insertion coracoid of scapula Term Pecroralis minor action? Definition Depress scapula, elevate ribs Term Biceps Brachii origin? Insertion? Definition Origin scapula, Insertion Radial tuberosity Term Biceps Brachii action? Definition Flexes elbow and shoulder Term Brachialis origin? Insertion? Definition Origin Humerus, Insertion Ulna Term Brachialis action? Definition flexes elbow Term Triceps Brachii long head Definition Origin scapula, Insertion olecranon process Term Triceps Brachii medial Definition Origin humerus, Insertion olecranon process Term Triceps brachii lateral Definition Origin humerus, Insertion olecranan process Term Triceps brachii action? Definition extends elbow (all of them) Term Gluteus maximus Definition Origin ilium, sacrum and coccyx, Insertion femur Term gluteus maximus action? Definition extend and abducts hip Term gluteus medius? Definition Origin ilium, Insertion greater trochanter Term gluteus medius action? Definition abducts hip Term Tensor fasciae latae? Definition Origin ilium, insertion lateral thigh fascia(iliotibial band) Term Tensor fasciae latae action? Definition abducts hip and flexes Term Rectus femoris? Definition Origin Asis, Insertion Tibial tuberosity, patella Term Rectus Femoris action? Definition extends knee, flexes hip Term Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis and vastus intermedius? Definition Origin Femur, Insertion Tibial tuberosity and patella Term Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius Action? Definition extends knee Term Adductor Brevis and Adductor longus? Definition Origin Pubis, Insertion Femur Term Adductor Brevis and Adductor Longus action? Definition adducts and flexes hip Term Adductor magnus? Definition Origin ischium, Insertion Femur Term Adductor magnus action? Definition adducts and extends hip Term Sartorius? Definition Origin Asis, Insertion tibial tuberosity Term sartorius action? Definition flexes knee, flexes and rotates hip Term Gracilis? Definition Origin pubis, Insertion Tibia Term Gracilis action? Definition Adducts hip, flexes knee Term Biceps femoris? Definition Origin ischial tuberosity, linea aspera, Insertion head of fibula Term Biceps femoris action? Definition Flexes Knee, extends hip Term Semimembranosus and Semitendenosis? Definition Origin Ischial tuberosity, Insertion Tibia Term Semimembranosus and semitendenosis action? Definition flexes knee, extends hip Term Tibialis anterior? Definition Origin tibia, insertion metatarsal Term Tibialis anterior action? Definition Dorsi flexes ankle Term Gastrocnemius? Definition Origin Femur, Insertion Achilles Tendon to Tarsal (calcaneus) Term Gastrocnemius action? Definition Plantar flexes ankle, flexes knee Term Soleus? Definition Origin Fibula and Tibia, Insertion Achilles Tendon to tarsal (calcaneus) Term soleus action? Definition Plantar flexes ankle