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Test 3 Material
Lympatic and Nervous System
119
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/31/2008

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Term
Lymphatic Vessels
Definition
Originate in peripheral tissues and delivers lymph to the venous tissue.
Term
Lymph (composition)
Definition
Interstitial tissue fluid (blood plasma essentially), Lymphocytes, macrophages.
Term
Lymph nodes (purpose)
Definition
Monitor and alter composition of lymph
Term
Lymphatic organs
Definition
spleen, tonsils, thymus gland. all contain lymphocytes, macrophages, and lymphoid stem cells
Term
Function of Lymphatic System
Definition

1 Filter Blood

2 Protect against disease

3 Produce maintain and distribute lymphocytes.

4 Maintain blood volume, eliminate local variation in the interstitial fluid.

5 Return protein and tissue fluid to blood (venous blood)

6 Alternate routes for transport of hormones nutrients and waste products. 

Term
Lymph flow
Definition
Capillaries --> Lymphatic vessels/Lymphatic ducts
Term
Lymphatic Vessels vs. Veins.
Definition
More numerous valves then that of venous valves. Very similar, same layers in walls.
Term
Percent composition of lymph in IF
Definition
90% returns to vascular blood and 10% goes into lymph.
Term
Superficial lymphatics
Definition

*Accompany superficials veins in the subcutaneous layer of skin

*Mucous membranes of respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.

*Associated with Serous membranes (Pleural, Pericardial, and Peritoneal) 

Term
Deep Lymphatics
Definition

Larger vessels that accompany the deep vascular system vessels.

*Gather lymph from skeletal muscles, and other organs in the neck, limbs and trunk, as well as visceral organs in the thoracic and abdomino pelvic cavities. 

Term
Thoracic Duct
Definition

Inferior to diaphragm, collects lymph from both sides of body.

Superior collects from left side.

Includes the cysterna chyli 

Term
Right Lymphatic Duct
Definition
Collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm.
Term
Lymph Nodes
Definition
Removes antigens from lymph. Lymph flows through nodes and are engulfed by macrophages, and or presented to t cells and b cells.
Term
Node regions
Definition
Cervical, Axillary, Inguinal, (GI tract)
Term
Cervical and Inguinal lymph nodes
Definition
Superficial and Deep
Term
Another place to find lymphoid tissue
Definition
Bone marrow.
Term
Granular luekocytes
Definition
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Term
Agranular leukocytes
Definition
Monocytes, Lymphocytes.
Term
Antigen (Def.)
Definition
a protein, lipid, sugar, or nucleic acid that causes formation of an antibody.
Term
Antibodies
Definition
Bind to antibodies and start a chain of events that leads to the destruction of antigen. Antibody mediated immunity
Term
Memory B cells
Definition
Become activated if exposed to the antigen again.
Term
Three types of lymphocytes found in the blood
Definition
T-cells, B-cells, NK cells
Term
Lymphocytes respond to...
Definition

1 Invading organisms

2 Abnormal cells, such as virus infected cells, or cancer cells

3 Foreign toxins and proteins released by bacteria. 

Term
Immune Response
Definition

for bacteria Antigen Presentation --> Activation of cytoxic T cells or Activation of helper T cells > Activation of B cells.

 

for viruses Antigen presentation > Stimulation of NK cells or activation of cytoxic t cells. Activation of t cells>> b cell activation

Term
T cells (80%)
Definition
Cytoxic T's, Helper T, Suppressor T, Memory T (look over functions)
Term

B cells(10-15%)

Definition

Plasma cells- produce and secrete antibodies

Memory B cells- Produced by division of activated T cells following exposure to antigen 

Term
NK cells
Definition
Police peripheral tissues killing foreign cells, cancer cells, and viral infected cells.
Term

Thymus gland 

Definition
produce t cells (inactive until released) decreases in size with adulthood
Term
Spleen
Definition

Lateral border of the stomach

1 removal of abnormal blood cells

2 storage of iron from RBC

3 Initiation of immune response by B and T cells in response to antigens in circulating blood 

Term
Tonsils (3 different types)
Definition

1 pharyngeal (adenoid)

2 palatine

2 lingual

Function: filter out invading organisms. 

 

Term
Effect of old age on immune response
Definition

*T cells become less responsive

*Helper T cells reduced

*B cells less responsive

*Antibody count does not rise as quickly after antigen exposure

- Increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection. 

Term
Nervous system functions
Definition

1 Fast acting control system

2 Responds to internal and external change

3 Activates muscles and glands. 

Term
Afferent, Efferent
Definition
Sensory to CNS is afferent, Efferent - motor cells from CNS to muscles and glands.
Term
CNS
Definition
Integrating, processing, and coordinating intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion.
Term
PNS
Definition
Neural tissue outside CNS. Provides sensory information to CNS. Carrys motor commands to peripheral tissues.
Term
Functions of Nervous system
Definition
Sensory input, Integration (decide if action is needed), Motor output
Term

Motor efferent division

SNS

ANS 

Definition

Somatic Nervous system = voluntary (controls muscular contraction invol and vol)

Autonomous Nervous system- involuntary. 

Term
ANS division
Definition

Sympathetic- fight or flight

Parasympathetic- vegetative functions. 

Term
slide 11
Definition
Term
Neural Tissue
Definition

1 Neurons - processing and transportation of nervous information throught the Nervous system

2 Neuroglia cells- supporting cells 

Term
Neurons
Definition
Cell body and processes (dendrites and axon(s))
Term
Neuroglia classification
Definition

PNS: satellite cells, schwann cells

CNS: Ependymal, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia 

Term
Schwann cells
Definition
Create myelin sheath around axons in the PNS, serves as insulation. Increases rate of nerve transmission. Protects axon
Term
Neurilemma, Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
Nerve skin, gaps in myelin sheath along axon, respectfully.
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Multiple functions include maintaining blood brain barrier, star shaped, stabilize axons.
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Maintain myelin sheath around axons in CNS.
Term
Microglia
Definition
Remove cellular debris and foreign material
Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
Circulation and production of cerebrospinal fluid. line cavities in the nervous system.
Term
Neuroglia alternate functions
Definition
framework for neural tissue, maintain intercellular environment, act as phagocytes. 5 X number of neurons.
Term
Interneurons
Definition
In the CNS only. connect afferent and efferent.
Term
Proprioceptors
Definition
detect stress or tension
Term
Ganglia
Definition
buncle of cell bodies within the pns.
Term
Nuclei
Definition
cluster of cell bodies within the white matter of the cns.
Term
Type of synapses
Definition
nerve/nerve, nerve- muscle or gland tissue.
Term
Conus Medullaris
Definition
conical tip of the spinal cord. inferior
Term
Filum Terminale
Definition
Extends from conus medullaris to the sacrum, provides longitudinal support for spinal cord.
Term
cauda equina
Definition
horses tail, long ventral and dorsal roots and the filum terminale that form a net like structure at the bottom of the spinal cord.
Term
enlargements of the spinal cord
Definition
Cervical and lumbar enlargements. spinal cord is 45 cm long. Occur in places where there is increased sensory and motor information that must be processed.
Term
Spinal meninges
Definition

1 dura mater

2 subarachnoid arachnoid space

3 pia mater

4 lumbar cistern csf 

Term
Where do the spinal nerves leave?
Definition
Intervertebral foramen.
Term
Anatomy of spinal cord
Definition

Posterior median sulcus- shallow groove that is on the posterior side of the cord.

Anterior median fissure- deep groove that lies anterior on the cord. 

Dorsal root and ventral root. dorsal root ganglion 

join to form a single spinal nerve. 

Term
Ventral roots
Definition
axons of motor neurons. efferent.
Term
Dorsal root
Definition
axons of sensory neurons. ganglia are cell bodies of sensory neurons
Term
Horns
Definition
Posterior and anterior gray matter projections in the spinal cord
Term
Anatomy of cross section of spinal cord
Definition

Gray matter- H shape ventral dorsal and lateral horn

White matter- ventral dorsal and lateral column 

Term
Dorsal and ventral rami
Definition

spinal nerve splits, dorsal ramus provides sensory and motor innervation to the dorsal regions to the body.

ventral ramus- provides " to the body wall and the limbs.

Term
Rami communicantes
Definition
very short connector from ventral ramus that connects to the sympathetic chain ganglion
Term
Thoracic and superior spinal nerve first splits to connect to autonomic ganglion through rami communicantes.
Definition
Term
Root
Definition
branches that touch the spinal cord
Term
phrenic nerve
Definition
controls contraction of the diaphragm
Term
Cervical plexus
Definition
C1-C5
Term
Brachial plexus
Definition
Going down the upper extremities
Term
Lumbar and Sacral Plexus
Definition
Supplys lower region
Term
Dermatomes
Definition
The distribution of the sensory fibers from a specific spinal nerve monitors a certain region of the body. Important cause damage to cord can result in feeling loss for certain patch of skin.
Term
Autonomic Nervous System division
Definition
Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (Rest and Response)
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition
Craniosacral division
Term
Sympathetic region
Definition
Trunk in between cranial and saccral division.
Term
Rami communicantes
Definition
Connect the sympathetic nerves making up the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerves.
Term
Steps of spinal reflexes
Definition

1-stimulus

2 activation of sensory neuron

3 interpretation of CNS

4 motor neuron activation

5 response 

Term
OVERVIEW
Definition

Ventral, Dorsal

Anterior, Posterior

Motor, Sensory

Descending, Ascending

Efferent, Afferent

Outgoing, Incoming 

Term
Brain Overview
Definition

More complex then SC

10's of billions of neurons

Excitatory and inhibitory activators in order to guide the body to react to different situation in a seperate manner. 

Term
Organization of the Brain
Definition
Cerebrum, Diencephelon, Mesencephelon, Pons and Cerebellum, Medula Oblongata, Brain stem, Ventricles
Term

Embryology of the brain

Telencephalon

Diencephelon 

Mesencephelon

Metencephelon

Myelincephelon 

 

Definition

Cerebrum

"

"

Cerebrum and Pons

Medulla Oblongata 

Term
Between Lateral foramen
Definition
Interventricular foramen
Term
Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
Definition
Cerebral Aqueduct
Term
Layers of Brain protection
Definition

1 skin

2 skull

3 cranial meninges

*dura mater

*arachnoid mater

*subarachnoid space filled with CSF

*pia mater 

Term
Dura mater layers
Definition

a periosteal layer- attached to surface of the skull

b meningeal layer- outer covering of the brain

gap between has blood vessels called dural sinuses

folds inward in some place. division between the cerebral hemispheres called the falx cerebri 

Term
Blood brain barrier
Definition

Maintained by astrocytes,

Excluded many potentially harmful water soluble substance from the brain. regulates glucose, ions, vitamins.

Useless against fats, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics, respiratory gasses 

Term
Choroid Plexus
Definition
Tight junction of ependymal cells that maintains blood brain barrier.
Term
CSF
Definition
Similar to blood plasma, watery protection cushion for CNS. Tranports wastes chemical signals and nutrients. circulates inbetween subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of spinal cord
Term
Circulation of csf
Definition
originates midbrain, goes down through central canal, goes to 3rd and fourth ventricles and subarachnoid space. and then this goes to the superior sagittal sinus.
Term
arachnoid granulations
Definition
points of entrance in which cerebral spinal fluid enters the sss.
Term
Lobes of Cerebellum
Definition
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
Term
Between Frontal and Parietal lobes
Definition
Central sulcus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus.
Term
Precentral gyrus
Definition
Concious control of skeletal muscles,
Term
Frontal lobe (functions)
Definition
conscious thought, intelligent functions, memory, skeletal muscle manipulation. speech (broca's area), Left side logical rational analytical, right side intuitive, creative, sides joined by corpus callosum.
Term
Parietal lobes
Definition
Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex), functions include more SENSES, pain pressure touch
Term
Temporal lobes
Definition
language, speech, hearing. left side temp. = taste, insula
Term
Look at slide 24 for reference regions on specific functions for areas of the brain.
Definition
Term
Occipital
Definition
Sight
Term
postcentral gyrus
Definition
sensory cortex, primary center for concious perception of senses.
Term
Motor humonculus
Definition

sends impulses to skeletal muscles 

Term
sensory homunculus
Definition
recieves impulses from sensory receptors
Term
Catergorial Specialization
Definition
If speech and GIC in same hemisphere *dominant. right hand dominant if left hemisphere dominant.
Term
Three parts of diencephelon
Definition
Thalmus, Hypothalmus, and Epithalmus.
Term
Thalmus
Definition
surrounds the third ventricle, relay station for sensory impulses. transfer impulses.
Term
Epithalmus
Definition
forms roof of third ventricle. houses pineal body (endocrine gland), includes choroid plexus which form cerebral spinal fluid.
Term
Hypothalmus
Definition
forms the floor of the third ventricle, coordinates nervous function, important autonomic nervous system center. reg body temp, water balance, metabolism. Part of limbic system (emotional and behavioral drives) coordinates endocrine funtion through pituatary gland.
Term
Brain stem
Definition
connects brain to spinal cord, includes the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain,
Term
Midbrain mesencephalon
Definition
composed mainly of nerve fibers. reflex centers for hearing and vision. four rounded protrusions called corpora quadrigemina. maintains conciousness
Term
Pons
Definition
in front. bulging part of the brain, mostly composed of fiber tracts, includes nuclei involved in breathing.
Term
cerebellum
Definition
in back
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
merges into spinal cord, lowest part of the brainstem. relays sensory information to the thalmus. contains autonomic centers, heart rate control, breathing control, blood pressure reg., swallow, vomitting
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
two hemispheres involuntary coordination of body movements.timing for skeletal muscle activity. controls balance and equilibrium
Term
Cranial nerves
Definition

12 pairs

i- olfactory sense of smell

ii optic

viii- vestibulocochlear cochlear branch for hearing, vestibular for branches

X vagus nerve sensory and motor fibers for pharanx larynx, heart and viscera. 

Term
olfactory nerve passes through cribriform plate
Definition
Term
oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve abducens nerve
Definition
control muscles of eye,
Term
trigeminal nerve
Definition
mixed sensory and motor control. opthalmic and maxillary sensory. mandibular mixed
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