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Definition
| relate to each other through shared experiences |
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| social position occupied by an individual |
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| set of expectations connected to the status or position occupied by an individual |
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| individual occupies many statuses and roles |
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| what is expected in one status is incompatible with what is expected in another |
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| social construction of reality |
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Definition
| symbolic interactionists view humans as active creative beings rather than being controlled by outside forces humans define their own realities and then live within those definitions |
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harold garfinkel
study of methods people use to make sense of everyday lives
examine background assumptions that one makes in social situations |
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the relationship of people and groups to one another
guides behavior
framework of society |
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| group of peoples way of life |
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| group of people who share a culture and a territory |
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| organized ways that meet the basic needs of society (family, education, military etc) |
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| people who regularly interact with eachother and share values, norms, and behavioral expectations |
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| intimate face to face interaction |
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| goal oriented, more formal |
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| feels like you belong to it |
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| feel like you dont belong |
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| any groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their behavior |
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| inherit or obtain at birth |
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| dominates other qualities, becomes identity |
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| rationalization of society |
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Definition
max weber
to create order in new industrial society
focuses on rule, goal oriented |
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| specialized division of labor |
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Definition
each worker has roles in their status
tasks based on training and expertise
coordinate many statuses to fill purpose |
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Definition
| authority concentrated in top, assignments flowing down, accountability flowing up |
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| system of rules and procedures |
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Definition
| guides decision-making, creates efficiency, grows over time |
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| creates stability and continuity |
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| relationships are impersonal |
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Definition
| devoid of favoritism to ensure equal treatment |
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| dysfunctions of bureaucracies |
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Definition
| goal displacement, red tape, alienation |
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| replace old goals with new ones |
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| focuses on rules, can interfere with purpose of organization |
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| treated like an object with focus on rules, roles, and tasks |
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| mcdonaldization of society |
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Definition
george ritzer
increasing rationalization of routine tasks of daily life
standardization, sameness |
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Definition
hunting and gathering
pastoral/horticultural
agricultural
industrial
postindustrial |
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Term
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Definition
most simple in structure
25-40 people
nomadic
egalitarian-leaders not rulers |
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Definition
domestication of plants and animals
larger
herding animals, cultivating plants |
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Term
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Definition
2nd social revolution
large food surplus, population increase
larger specialized division of labor
rulers-inherited monarchy |
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Definition
3rd social revolution
energy runs machines to produce goods
abolition of slavery
urbanization
inequality decreases |
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Definition
move toward services rather than producing goods
based on information and latest technology
transforming social relationships |
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Definition
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rules of behavior
make social life possible and predictable |
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| approval or disapproval for conforming to or violating norms |
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Definition
biological- focus on genetic predispositions
psychological- focus on individual
sociological- focus on social structure or social interaction |
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| symbolic interactionist explanations of deviance |
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Definition
differential association theory
control theory
labeling theory |
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Term
| differential association theory |
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Definition
sutherland
learn through social interaction, based on who you are close to
process: learn techniques first, then learn to value criminal behavior rather then conventional |
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reckless
2 control systems impact individual's conformity: inner-beliefs,values
outer: pressure from others
based on attachments, commitments, involvements, beliefs |
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Definition
response of others produces deviance
process: deviance observed and labeled
label becomes public
stigma attached
socially isolated
becomes part of one's identity |
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| functionalists explanation of deviance |
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Definition
durkheim
clarifies moral boundaries
affirms group's norms
promotes social unity
promotes social change |
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Term
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Definition
| merton social structure contributes to crime taught to work towards certain goals but may not have access to the socially approved means of achieving these goals |
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| accept goals accept means |
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accept goals reject means
(armed robber, drug dealer) |
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reject goals accept means
(burned out teacher, worker in dead-end job) |
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reject goals reject means
(drug addict, alchoholic) |
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reject goals/accept new reject means/accept new
(revolutionary, hippie) |
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Term
| conflict theory for deviance |
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Definition
| crime is a violation of the law with formal social control applied by governmental authority |
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property crime and violent crime (robbery, murder ect)
violators populate prisons |
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Definition
fraud, embezzlement, price fixing, monopoly ect
less serious, punishment less significant |
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Definition
| 2 or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption |
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horizontal- aunts, uncles, cousins
verticle-grandparents, grandchildren |
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family born into
basic socialization of culture |
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family created by marriage
children born to parents |
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| a group's approved mating arrangement usually accompanied by public ritual |
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more than one husband or wife
polygyny- 1 husband, 2+ wives
polyandry- 1 wife, 2+ husbands |
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| marry outside one's group |
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potential spouses make decisions
based on romantic love |
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parents arrange marriage at birth or as young child
creates connection between 2 families, maintains status |
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descent through males
father to son |
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descent through females
mother to duaghter |
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descent through both sides
father and mother |
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| males have greater authority |
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Definition
| females have greater authority |
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Definition
| shared decision making authority |
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Definition
reproduction
production/consumption
socialization
care of dependents
define/control sexual behavior
social control
recreation |
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| conflict view of housework |
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Definition
| women do housework men help out |
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| symbolic interactionist view of housework |
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Definition
husband and wife have similar income- shared housework
husband loses job-less housework
husband makes less than wife-least housework |
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Definition
tripled since 1970
reasons: high divorce rate
increased births to unmarried women |
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| consequences for children in one parent families |
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Definition
more likely to drop out
get arrested
have emotional problems
get divorced
have child as teen |
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Term
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Definition
more educated wife is, less likely to have no children
reasons: view marriage as too fragile
get bored
affect career
child too expensive |
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Term
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Definition
2 divorced spouses who have married
bring children from previous marriage
creates complicated family relationships |
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Term
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Definition
8 times more couples cohabit
1/2 of couples who marry have cohabited
more likely to divorce
reason: difference between cohabiting and marriage is commitment |
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Term
| education as an institution |
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Definition
| the formal process of instruction in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner |
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Term
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Definition
transmits culture-core curriculum, values, social skills
promotes social integration-common knowledge binds us together as a society
training and social control-taught to conform
stimulates cultural innovation-bring about change, new models and ideas
child care- families relieved of child care responsibility, can work in the labor force |
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Term
| how education perpetuates inequality |
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Definition
school funding
the hidden curriculum
teacher expectancy influences student performance
tracking, students put in classes based on ability
credentialism, need more education to get a job now, poor cant afford it |
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