Connections of Neurons

- two parts:

1)Peripheral 2)Central Nervous Systems

Every nerve that is not part of the CNS

- has ganglions and nerves

- Somatic vs Autonomic

Neurotransmitters

signals used to transmit information between nerve cells.

- Released at axon terminals into synapses

- are receptor-specific

Fight or Flight

- Raises heart rate and blood pressure

-Releases adrenaline

- Helps you either fight or survive

- Takes control when you're in danger/stress = immediate survival

Rest and Diggest 

- heart rate slows down

-digestive enzymes come active 

-maintains HOMEOSTASIS

-preperation for LONG TERM SURVIVAL

-1800's railroad worker

- brain injury caused him to act differently 

Golgi: brain is one long wire (single unit) + dyeing cells

Cajal: brain is made up of many cells + proved Golgi incorrect using his colorization

Jumping movement down the axon

end of the axons that hold vesticles that contain neurotransmitters 

- causes CA2+ to flow into the terminals 

For every neuron there is only one neurotransmitter

Classic Neurotransmitters

Adrenaline

-Excitatory neurotransmitter found in the the PNS

- the hormone is secreted from the Adrenal Gland; causes an immediate response or "sympathetic response"

- A neurotransmitter like adrenaline

-in the brain

-release causes REM sleep

-found in part of brain known as the REWARD PATHWAY (repsonsible for feelings of satisfaction and pleasure

-this causes feelings of pleasure

- Found in Motor Pathway

- neurotransmitter

- extremely prevalent in the REWARD PATHWAY

- Scizophrenia

- Anti-psychotic drugs work as dopamine antagonists

Function: causes Non-REM sleep

-Hallucinogenic drugs and anti-depressants work on this pathway

-Found in many pathways along the brain

- Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

- alcohol and other drugs antagonize GABA 

- deals with behavior and disinhibition (not being in control of yourself)

- Neurontransmitter

- Receptors are the THC receptors (marijuana)

- linked with Endorphins (can create a sense of euphoria  

Part of the Nervous System that requires NO THOUGHT (autonomic)

- can be activated by stimuli in the environment and the need to maintain homestasis 

TWO PARTS:

brain and spinal cord

- has nucleus and tracts

1) Sensory 

2) Motor

3) Interneurons

- info sent from the BRAIN to the BODY = motor function

Communication only within the CNS

- large part of human cognition

- found in cortex or the brain

More primitive than the brain

- largely responsible for rhythmic  movements such as walking or swimming

- mindless tasks

ascending = sensory neurons

descending = motor neurons 

- a tract (bundle of axons) within the CNS allow info to flow freely 

Technique (non-invasive) to monitor the skull and check activity in the brain 

- Sleep research

more specific form of EEG

study one specific neuron

Colorizing images of the brain

radioactive glucose given to patient

dyeing your brain so they can see parts of it

- Most common and modern way to study brain

(Non-invasive and doesn't require injection)

- Works by measuring oxygen flow 

MRI can colorize images

Both control-complicated reflexes 

EX) you consume alcohol, you throw up

- Area of the brain responsible for basic movements like eating, drinking

- along with Pons controls levels of sleep and arousal

- provides sensory imput ot cortical areas

- responsible for sorting signals

and relaying them to the proper destinations

Group of cell bodies that controls conscious movements

- rich in dopamine neurons and large part of the motor pathway

- Lack of Dopamine which weakens motor commands ("move my arm")

- Permanent motor damage

- "Little brain"

- Coordinates movement of limbs and complex movements (gymnist)

- Hippocampus

- Amygdala

- Orbital Frontal Cortex

- Hypothalamus

- Celebral Cortex

Memory center or the brain

(Man named HM had it removed, would forget things instantly)

Long lasting signal in brain

Allows for learning 

Programmed cell death = new learning replaces outdated learning

Emotion and drive-related activities 

- If removed = "psychic blindess" cannot evaluate the importance of things around you

Responsible for Empathy 

(damage of this leads to Pyschopaths)

Homeostatic mechanisms

- when you get hot, you sweat

- works by using a negative feedback loop

ALso controls Autonomic Nervous System (both symp + parasymp)

- Controls motor function

The covering of the brain that takes up 60% of the space in the brain

- because of human's large cortex we are able to do much more advanced functions

1. Temporal lobes

2. Occipital lobes

3. Pareital lobes

4. Frontal lobes

brain is divided

1) left side = language centers

2) right side = spatial abilities

"hard body"

- a track that runs along the middle of the brain that CONNECTS THE LEFT AND RIGT HEMISPHERES

- Sperry-Split 

Language comprehension area found next to the auditory complex

Language production

- Aphasia (condition when person has language difficulty)

Located on sides of head

- thalamus sends signals here

- auditory complex is here

Located in the back of the brain

the VISUAL center

info from eyes comes in this lobe

Located in top, middle of brain

Areas of association are found here. 

Infor from multiple senses; area devoted to attention

Newest part of the cortex

- repsonsible for "gold directed functions" or executive functions 

- develops over 18 years

- consciousness of a person (how you know you are you)

- back is responsible for difficult nimble motions (tongue movements)