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| the belief that the living organisms on earth have been miraculously created by a super natural intelligence |
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Said that you could model the flow of genes through populations. This assumes there are no barriers to the new gene mutation such as not being able to mate with another.
he was also an opponent of saltationism-->said its probability of improving the adjustment would be almost exactly half.
microscope example
megamutation |
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genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA out to phenotype. That means that information cannot flow from the animal or plant to its DNA. Mutations do not arise because the organism needs them but randomly. (Frances Crick)
DNA-->RNA-->protein |
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procedures and techniques governing scientific/scholarly inquiry, or the study of those procedures and techniques or controversy about which procedures and techniques are appropriate for a given inquiry.
the Study or the critique of procedures for arriving at scientific truth
- Sometimes people with different stances politically choose different methodologies |
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| the nature of evolutionary change in Darwin's theory of national selection, in with an extremely large succession of extremely small changes is responsible for all speciation. |
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| the remains of trace of a once-living organism preserved in rock strata |
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| Gould and Eldridge--> one model of evolutionary change, in which species do not change for relatively long periods of time, and then in a relatively short period (50 thousand or fewer years) give rise to a new species; opposes Darwin's original model of phyletic gradualism. |
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| the ultimate unit of heredity, believed to consist of a segment of DNA that process a protein or an RNA product |
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| each form or variations in a certain type of gene (hair or eye color), each allele is either dominant or recessive. This allowed biologists to explain a lot of things. |
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| genes, inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns |
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The mistaken belief that we can infer moral rules from the facts of nature
- Hume convinced that the naturalistic fallacy was a fallacy, it was not right to say nature is like this, therefore, humans should be like this |
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| the type of genetic organization of an organism, the genetic constitution of an organism from its cells |
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| the overall physical characteristic of an organism, as opposed to the genotype, is the observable parts of the genes (eye and hair color) |
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| Watson and Crick figured out DNA, its the chemical that composes genes, structured such that allows genes to replicate or duplicate themselves allowing for evolution |
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| (1937-1950) A book written by Huxley that takes Mendel's themes about genes and started putting them together with Darwin's theories-- evolution is gradual through natural selection |
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| Darwin said this is the second most important mechanism driving evolutionary change, involving competition for mates within species (those individuals that succeed in attracting mates are able to pass along their genes to the next generation); accounts for many characteristics of organisms that would otherwise seem to be nonadaptive such as a peacock's tail. |
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| in general think that distribution of wealth and power among society is unjust and they support the redistribution of wealth and power. So they think the present distribution of wealth and power has nothing to do with genes and evolution. Inequalities are social constructs brought on by human actions and can be fixed |
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| more focused on liberty and prosperity- believe that some people are just more driven/energetic/motivated to succeed and that's why there are inequalities in the distribution of power and wealth. They are against the government redistributing and like evolutionary biology to be applied to politics |
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| SSSM -Standard Social Science Model |
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to apply this model to humanity, you believe the most important thing about human life is culture (human desires, values, beliefs, behavior all molded by culture)
- What evolutionary biology has created in Homo sapiens, is the first species to create its own reality |
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| Richard Dawkins (1976 - present) |
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- Became the most well-known biologist among other biologists
- The book asked you to look at everything in a different light
- Before the book, people thought of evolution as successful organisms passing their genes
- Dawkins said that was not the way to look at it, you have to focus on genes, not on organisms
- Organisms are machines designed by genes to make copies of themselves
- Organisms are not important for themselves, only as vessels to reproduce genes
- 3.8 billion years of strategies created by genes to make more genes
- Asks you to think about logic of survival |
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-the scientific study of the biological basis of social behavior
-Edward O Wilson
-left-wingers oppose this |
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| sociobiology applied to humans |
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| Science for the People(1976)- |
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| an organization that argued sociobiology was evil. Sociobiologists are the reason these ideas still survive is because they use genetics to explain inequalities. |
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| Pleistocene era (two million to 10,000 years ago) |
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| Humans lived in small hunter gatherer bands. Evolutionary psychologists say that humans have not had enough time to change our psychology for the Pleistocene era but that instead we have just adapted. In a book, the basic message is that democracy is unnatural as the hunter gather groups would follow a certain person. |
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| primeval soup (3.7 billion years ago) |
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| Bunch of chemicals in a warm tide pool; appropriate chemicals for creating protein; some theorize that lightning caused the chemicals to duplicate (not proven though) |
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| idea that life in general and humans in particular survive and prosper because they are superior to all those organisms that didn't survive |
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deal that organisms in general and humans in particular survive and prosper or don't survive and prosper because of factors that have nothing to do with merit.
-Gould says chance governs everything, pure luck that humans evolve |
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-Most of life was really boring, amoeba
-For the first 3.2 billion years all life was one cell
-SINGLE CELL ORGANISM
-We are no better in an objective way than bacteria
-We are not dominating Earth; bacteria dominate Earth.
-Most successful (bacteria) |
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| happenings in history depending on random chance, such that they are not predictable in advance even with flu knowledge of conditions; according to Gould's argument, contingency rather than determinism dominates evolution |
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