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| absorption and assimilation of immigrants into the mainstream of society so that ethnic differences vanish |
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That which promotes equity in the schooling of all students.
A process of comprehensive school reform and basic education. |
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| Term used by sociologists for variations in wealth, power, and prestige. |
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| Levels of Socioeconomic Status |
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Upper, Middle, Working, and Lower class.
Some researchers have suggested that low SES students may become part of a resistance culture. |
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Assignment to different classes and academic experiences based on achievement.
If tracked into low ability or general classes, they may be taught to memorize and be passive |
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| Used to refer to groups that are characterized in terms of a common nationality, culture or language. This shared sense of identity may be based on geography, regligion, race or language. |
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| Defined as a category composed of those who share biologically trasmitted traits that are defined as socially significant such as skin or hair color |
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| Defined as a category composed of those who share biologically trasmitted traits that are defined as socially significant such as skin or hair color |
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an apprehensiveness about confirming a stereotype.
The burden in the possibility of confirming the stereotype either in the eyes of others orin their own eyes. |
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Different views of males and females, often favoring one gender over the other.
Men and Women are different
Like boys sabotage their own learning by resisting school expectations and rules to display their masculinity and get respect. |
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| organized networks of knowledge about what it means to be male or female |
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| a language variation from standards spoken by a particular ethnic social or regional group and is an element of the groups collective identity. |
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a pronunciation which can be lead to spelling problems. In some U.S. black speech patterns or southern dialects there is less.
A lack of attention to final consonants such as S, can lead to failure to indicate possession, third-person singular verbs, and plurals in the Standard way. |
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| in this context means the ways people interact to accomplish a particular goal |
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| The study of the formal and informal rules for how, when, about what, to who, and how long to speak in coversations within cultural groups. |
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the art or science of being a teacher.
Excellent teaching for students of color that includes academic success, developing and maintaining cultural competence and developing a critical conscious to challenge the status QUO |
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| Teaching on three propostions by Ladson-Billings. |
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1. Student must experience academic success
2.They must develoop/maintain their cultural competence
3. Students must develop critical consciousness to challenge the status quo |
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learning occurs when experience causes relatively permanent change in an individuals knowledge or behavior.
Psychologists tend to favor behavioral learning theories. |
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| whenever two or more sensations occur together often enough, they will become associated. Later when only one of these sensations (a "Stimulus" occurs, the other will be remembered too (a "response") |
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| Three processes in classical conditioning |
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| Pavlov's work also identified these three, generalization, discrimination, and extinction. |
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| the conditioned response of salivating generalized, it occured in the presence of similar stimuli. |
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| to respond to one tone but not to others that are similar |
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| a conditioned stimulus (a particular tone) is presented repeadtedly but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (food). |
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A complex theory of language developed by B.F. Skinner.
we learn to behave in certain ways as we operate on the environment. |
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| Stimulus not connected to a response |
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| Stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response |
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| Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response |
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| Stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response after conditioning |
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| Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents |
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The first called positive reinforcement, occurs when the behavior produces a new stimulus.
When the consequences that strenthen a behavior is the disappearance of a stimulus, the process called negative reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishemnt. |
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decreasing or appressing behavior.
Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment |
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| is a basic form of learning in which two stimuli become associated so that a neutral one acquires the power to elicit the same reflexe response as the other |
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| Applied Behavior Analysis |
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the application of behavior learning principles to change behavior.
Sometimes referred to behavior modification(brainwashing) but these terms have negative connotations for many people. Applied behavior modification is often misunderstood. |
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| A high frequency behavior(a preferred activity) can be an effective reinforcer for a less preferred activity |
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a system for rehearsing words and sounds for short term memory.
Rsearch indicates that we can hold as much in the phonological loop as we can reharse in 1 to 2 seconds. This the key reason for AIM's Pilot/controller glossary.
The P/CG's standard phraseology triggers the phonologicl loop. |
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Involves three kinds of knowledge:
1. declarative knowledge about oneself as a learner.
2. the factors that influence one's learner and memory.
3. the skills, strategies, and resources needed to perform the task.
these skills are planning, monitoring, and evaluating. |
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| a category used to group similar events, ideas, objects, or people. |
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| defined as formulating new answers, going beyond the simple application of previously learned rules to achieve a goal |
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| When people fail to solved problems because they do not consider unconventional uses for materials that have specific functions. |
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Involves a deeper sense of problem solving than more physical sense of tooks or materials in new ways.
it involves the rigid thought habit of responding to a new situation in a most familiar way |
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