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| Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought on through experience |
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Unconditioned Stimulus-meat
Unconditioned Response-saliva
Conditioned Stimuli-rings a bell
Conditioned Response-bell makes saliva |
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Un-learning
Get rid of bad response
Change stimuli for different effect (gum instead of smoking) |
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| We learn from consequences of actions |
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Something you do leads to positive result
Timing- right after behavior |
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| Varying # of responses, work on commission, payed by how much they sell |
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| Specified frequency, get pay check at certain day |
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| way different people want it |
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reinforcement that comes when a negative activity stops
not punishment
getting something for not doing something bad |
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negative consequences for behavior
Dangers: 1.Reinforce punisher
2. Generalizes behavioral effects
3. Learn to dislike punisher |
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Behavior stops to avoid punishment
-avoid physical
-specific, don't touch hot plate
-consistent
-don't mix punishment w/reward
-Depends on importance, talk back when there is like a fire |
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Classical- Measures association between two stimuli
-involves reflexive involuntary behavior
-individual doesn't have to do anything to be involved
Operant-Measures association between response and result
-Involves Voluntary behavior
-Individual has to do something to be involved |
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tend to respond occurs more often to some stimuli than others
- trick or treat houses |
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| Similar stimuli to elicit same response |
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| People responded to change, change in light, but knew that people were watching so more productive |
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Death of a behavior
easiest- fixed intervals- wages
hardest- varied intervals- gambling
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY- behavior comes back |
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How easy for people to learn
Smarter we are the faster we learn |
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Intellectual process through which information is obtained,transformed,stored, retried, retired and used
Thinking, remembering |
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simultaneous presence of two common adjective.
Aunt is moms sister |
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Presence of one or two common adjectices
King, queen, jack is a face card |
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Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate |
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Vehicle, US
Car, State
Sports Car, City |
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best examples, comparison
big foot- male, tumor- fruit |
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Develop a Mental Set- better the set, better your attitude, how we approach problems
First Impressions is to do
Have alternatives |
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Trial and Error
Algorithms- systematic pattern of reasoning, used by computers, every solution to problem
Heuristic- short cuts, efficiency, crime scenes, medicine- diagnosis |
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Creative Thinking
Convergent vs Divergent |
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Convergent- Logical and Conventional
Divergent- unorganized and unconventional, new solution |
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| Meaning of what is being said, surface vs deep, sarcasm? |
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44 in english
smallest in language
no meaning
alphabet + ch, sh,etc |
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Smallest unit with meaning
words |
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| Grammer and rules of connecting words |
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Relativity, frames
80 is good if class does bad,
80 is bad if class does well |
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| Abilities of individual to learn from experience, to reason, to cope |
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Linguistics
Logical
Spatial
Musical
Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal |
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| Argued 7 types of intelligence are connected |
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Encode
Infer
Map
Apply
Compare
Respond
more intelligent, faster |
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Fluid- new material
Crystallized- adapt what we've learned already |
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Ratio- between people of same age
Deviation- degree of deviation from average
Good test- standard, objective, Rules, reliable, valid |
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Knowledge of everyday living
Street smart
Intelligence important for jobs, complex jobs
Industrial revolution |
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Average intelligence increasing,
test easier or organic
Nutrition has increased
Stimulate brain more
Education |
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| Developmental Psych- Experience |
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Definition
When it happens affects how we deal in the future
social deprivation- need to respond and touch
Learning- easier to learn language young
easier to learn history/psych later in life
Death- harder when young |
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| focused on cognitive- brain |
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Birth- 2
Develop senses and motor
move, walk, no mental signals |
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2-7 years
Can understand symbols and thoughts
Illogical- santa, easter bunny
Black and White World- no abstract
Kids Don't Lie |
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7-11 Can reason like an adult
Black and White, abstract missing
Difficult with justice, meaning of life, death |
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11+ continue to develop
Abstract, indepth reasoning |
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Moral Development
3 stages |
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Children birth- adolescence
no morality, not much judgement
Parents must teach them, kids respond to punishment/reward |
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Based on what others think of them
will follow rules
make decisions based on rules |
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| Do things based on your own beliefs and ethics |
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| Morality all about survival |
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| 1. Morality based on Self Survival |
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People follow rules to get rewards not punishment
To survive situation |
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| 2. Morality based on self-sacrifice |
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| Sacrifice something to get something better |
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| 3. Morality based on Equality |
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| Wanting to please self because we are as equal as others |
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| Personality & morality never stop developing |
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Birth to 1- trust vs mistrust
1-3 years- autonomy vs shame/doubt- when walk out can come back
3-5- Initiative v guilt- school, builds initiative if well, guilt if like friends so much ( leave parents)
5-11- Industry vs Inferior- sense of identity, new ideas, trying new things, feel inferior if criticized |
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11-18- adolescence, puberty, identity v role confusion, separate from others, experimentation, role confusion
18-40- Intimacy v isolation, close relationships, career, has problems if other stages are not evolved |
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40-65- Middle ages, mid-life crisis, Generativity vs stagnation, need something new or feel stagnant
65+ -Integrity vs Despair- Integrity- satisfied with life |
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prior to birth- 2 weeks
sucking and reflex
learning to eat |
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2weeks- 2 years
Learning there are things they can't see
Emotional development
make emotional attachments ,parents |
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| new theory- Early Childhood |
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Definition
2 years- 7 years
Cognitive development- simple problems
kids egocentric- self centered
Very animated
Play alone- imaginary
Trans-ductive Reasoning- Cause and Effect, Black and White |
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| New Theory- Middle Childhood |
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7-11 years
very cognitive- concrete, reverse ability
not abstract
Rule orientated |
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11-18 years, Puberty, abstract, egocentric, imaginary audience, Social Development, parent-child, want choices
Mood changes, risky behavior |
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| 18-45 years, shrink, mood change, fluid cognition, Healthiest- Single women, married women, married men, single men |
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45-65 years
Want to stay active, done with child bearing, done with everything |
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| 65+ Retirement, Richest, high change to 80-90 |
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60s 1944-1960, Silent generation beforehand
Independence, Civil rights, Vietnam, Post WWII, Social Change, Bachelor degree, Given everything, Workaholics, Free speech, Vocal, Strict on future generations |
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(1960-1979)
Civil rights
STay at home kids
Fewer kids in family, Don't want to be like parents, Told corporate america to shut it
Quiet- help homeless, Practiced civil rights
Fear of future
Stayed in house, medicare, comfort, wealthy |
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1980- 9-11
International, techie, afraid of future, more racially conscious, we like our family |
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| Denial, Anger, Bargain, Depression, Acceptance |
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Get Out of My Emergency Room
Older people not accepted, want interesting cases, want patients to teach them something |
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| Aging is different based on class, race and gender |
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Definition
Aging hard for unmarried women
Women live longer- lonely
Most older men have a partner
Wealthy are comfortable, and healthier
Different races have different health
poor are sore
men get depressed old
Women depressed raising kids
older people living longer
Women live longer, SS shrinking |
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Either positive or negative
Reacting to a stimuli
Physiological responses- heart rate
Involve behavior |
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| State that makes us active rather than inactive |
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| an internal state that give direction to thoughts actions and feelings |
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| Thermostat that tells us what we need |
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| Regulation of food intake |
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| forebrain, sends message that we are feeling hungry |
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Feel hunger
Message to eat something kidney |
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| Connects with hypothalamus, message to stop eating |
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| Where we are comfortable and we have eaten enough |
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Abuse satiety, anorexia
bulimic
overweight |
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Blood sugar levels goes down and sends signal
Stomach contracts and brain knows to eat
Glucagon- hormone saying low food in liver
Insulin- Regulates blood sugar, hormone get rid of sugar |
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Regulation of food intake
Kidneys retain fluid
Pituitary Gland, Mouth, Throat
sends message to throat to become dry, know we need fluids
Pituitary gland secretes hormones to conserve fluids until we are replenished |
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| Hormone from kidneys to hypothalamus, need fluid |
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Humans get bored easily
looking for new stimuli |
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Yerks Dashdon Law
performance is best at suitable stimuli level.
Simple tasks, if mentally aroused, can maintain concentration
Complex tasks- lower arousal |
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| When stressed- need to be with others |
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1. Avoidance- Do something to avoid consequences
2. Approach- Do something for reward, work to get stuff
3. Mastery- Own personal interest do something, Challenging, Don't care about others, set own goals |
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| Solomon's Opponent Theory |
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People constantly challenging their motives
Acquired set of motives higher than average
Seek extreme! sky dive, drugs
Bored |
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| Inherent, internal, self given |
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| External, by others, good grades, jobs |
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| Maslow Hierachy of Needs and Wants |
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Biological Needs
Safety
Social Needs- friends, love, belonging
Self Esteem- Produced well at school, recognized by others
Self-Actualization- met our mission in life, Don't trust others, need your own choices |
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Emotional Responses- caused by feedback from cerebral cortex
We feel our behavior
feel emotions
Can have emotions without touch
but can have physical without emotions |
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We can control feelings
Emotions based on physical feelings
Smile and you feel happy |
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We don't have to feel it to have emotions
Often physical feelings cant be interpreted |
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Our interpretation
Emotional response connected to cognition, how interpret stimuli and our body responses
Emotions to origin |
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Arnold Ellis
Newest
more intelligent people handle events better
Emotions based on mental interpretation |
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Measures heart rate
climbs in brain
body temp changes
heart races
MUST CONVINCE SELF THAT YOU ARE NOT LYING |
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Laugh, Smile, Cry- Inborn Emotions
Developed by those around us
Run in Families |
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1. make less comparisons to others
2. better at seeing the silver lining, more optimistic
3. Linked to personality, more extroverted
lower on neuroticism, not worriers, reach out to people
4. genetically based, happy parents, happy child |
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Instinct
Aggression is instinctive response to frustration
anger is base of emotion
Catharsis- socially accepted way to release aggression |
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| Anger- Frustration Theory |
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Definition
Anger from frustration.
feel angry if frustrated
Inborn but not necessary
provoked by stimuli |
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