Classical Conditioning

Associating an action with a response.

Ex: We associate pain with dentist chair.

Ivan Pavlov

First discovered classical conditioning.

Unconditioned Stimulus

Natural or unlearned stimulus

Ex: salivation when you see food

Neutral stimulus

A stimulus that doesn't lead to a unconditioned response. When paired with a UCS the NS will elicit a UCR by itself!

Four important properties of Classical Conditioning

1. Extinction

2. Spontaneous Recovery

3. Stimulus generalization

4. Stimulus discrimination

Operant Conditioning

Probability an organism will respond is increased by the delivery of a reinforcer.

Shaping

Reinforcing small behaviors step by step until the desired behavior is performed.

Positive reinforcement

Presenting of a rewarding stimulus after a behavior occurs.

Negative reinforcement

Removal of negative stimulus after a behavior has occured-termination of painful stimulus.

Secondary punishment

Punishment w/ stimuli that one associates w/ pain.

No actually pain is enforced.

Ex: frown, cold stare, saying "No" loudly

Primary punishment

Punishment w/ stimuli that naturally causes pain to the organism.

-spanking a child

-shocking a rat

Punishment

Only eliminates old behaviors, doesn't teach new ones. Only secondary punishment should be used. Combo with postive reinforcement.

Problem with primary punishment

Children imitate parental aggresion.

Observational learning

We learn behaviors simply by observing others.

Albert Bandura

Bobo doll studies, learned that when children are exposed to an aggresive adult they are much more likely to demonstrate that behavior themselves.

Forgetting

Often thought of in negative terms. Also can get rid of trash from the memory.

William James

Described the "Tip of the tongue phenomenon".

Memory trace

Part of neuron holding a memory. We retireve memories from here

Psuedo forgetting

Isn't forgetting at all, occurs when you try to retrieve info you never knew

Memory Decay

When memories fade over time.

Memory Interference

When interference causes you to forget a memory.

Proactive Interference

When prior learning interferes with something you just learned.

Retroactive Interference

When new learning blocks out old learning.

Memory repression(motivated/willfull)

Can't retrieve info cause we don't want to.

Herman Ebbinghaus

Showed that the more one rehearses stimuli, the better it's remembered.

Stages of Language development

1. Cooing stage

2. Echolalic/ babbling stage

3. One word stage

4. Two word stage

Language Overgeneralization

When grammar rules are used when they shouldn't be.

Ex: add ed to all past tense words

Wug Test

Sees how kids make up words based on learned language.

Heuristics

Quick and dirty shortcuts that save time and effort.

Two types of problem solving

Heuristics and algorithims

Algorithims

Series of steps that always produce an answer.

Take a lot of time and effort.

Representativeness

Proposed by Kahneman and Tuersky. Assume that everything in a given category is identical.

Gamblers Fallacy

People tend to stay away from patterns when picking #'s when actually every combination of numbers has the same chance of being correct.

Availability

Predictions of events are based on how easily it can be recalled.

Ex: More men or female billionaires? The answer is men which is what most ppl answer but this method can fail. Ex: More words that start with R or have R as the third letter? The answer is third letter when most ppl would say first.

Anchoring and adjustment

People make numerical guesses based on a starting point(anchor) then adjust the estimate until they reach a plausible answer.

Intelligence

Ability to adapt to one's environment. Some ppl demonstrate intelligence in one area and lack it in another.

Acheivement tests

Test designed to measure info. a person has learned about a topic. Ex: Tests in psych class

Origins of

Intelligence testing

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon began intelligence testing in France in 1905. Goal was to identify mentally retarded children in the french school system.

IQ

Intelligence Quotient

Avg. IQ= 100

3 Important concepts of Test Construction

1. Standardization

2. Representative samples

3. Norms

Test Retest method

Administer same test to same ppl on two occasions.

Split-half Method

administer the test once and calculate individuals scores from each half of the test.

David Weschler's definition of intelligence

"Agregate or global capacity of the individual to act with a purpose, think rationally, and deal effectively with his environment."

Four major classes of motivational theory

1. Drive Theory- Set of theories that explain behavior by emphasizing internal conditions of an org. which energizes the seeking or maintaing of goals

2. Expectancy Theory- Emphasizes a persons expectations to succeed.

3. Cognitive Theory- Emphasize choice regarding life goals and means of attaining them.

4. Humanistic Theory- Tendency of humans to strive to reach perfection and self actualization.

Lateral Hypothalmus

"Start eating" center

Ventromedial Hypothalmus

"Stop eating" center

Physiological view of obesity

# of fat cells we will have is programmed from birth. Dieting decreases the size of fat cells but not the # of them. When dieting the body tries to maintain cells size at a constant level.

Weight loss

The human body fights weight loss. Each time you diet it iwl take longer to lose the saem amount of weight, and weight will return faster.

Psychcological view of obesity

Obese ppl eat not only when the are uhunger but when the corrct environmental cues are available.

External cues - food is viewed

                              - correct eating arrives

Daniel Schacter

Salient

Visually obvious. When food is salient it will likely lead to eating behavior for externals.

Ex: Lighting food for buffets, Unshelling nuts

Maslows Humanistic Theory

Proposed that the ultimate goal of all humans is to become self actualized.

Self Actualization

Fufillment of one's self by making complete use of one's talents.

Abraham Maslow

Created the Hierarchy of needs.

"Despite the fact that 99% of us never make it to a state of self actualization we all strive for it."

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Chronological order

1.Physiological needs

2. Safety needs

3. Belongingness and love needs

4. Esteem needs

5. Self actualization

Pavlov's Experiments

Experiment on dogs about salivation, not only did dogs salivate when shown meat but also when they saw the trainer that normally fed them.He learned that a neutral stimulus could become a conditioned one when paired with a unconditioned stimulus.

Difference between operant and classical conditioning

Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of voluntary behavior or operant behavior.

Skinners experiments

Invented an operant conditioning chamber that measured the reponses of organisms and their orderly reactions with their environment.

Reinforcement schedule

The protocol for determining when responses or behaviors will be reinforced, ranging from continuous reinforcement, in which every response is reinforced, and extinction, in which no response is reinforced.

Latent Learning

Latent learning is when an organism learns something in its life, but the knowledge is not immediately expressed.

Mirror neurons

A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.

Chunking

Refers to a strategy for making more efficient use of short-term memory by recoding information.

Confirmation bias

a tendency to search for, interpret or remember information in a way that confirms preconcieved notions of that subject.

Functional fixedness

 A cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

Savant Syndrome

a rare condition in which persons with developmental disroders (including autism) have one or more areas of expertise, ability or brilliance that are in contrast with the individual's overall limitations.

WAIS test

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) intelligence quotient(IQ) tests are the primary clinical instruments used to measure adult and adolescent intelligence.

Sexual Response cycle

These phases, in order of their occurrence, are the excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasmic phase, and resolution phase.

Organizational psychology

applies psychology to organizations and the workplace.

Availability Heuristics

The availability heuristic is a phenomenon in which people predict the frequency of an event, or a proportion within a population, based on how easily an example can be brought to mind.

Representativeness Heuristics

The Representativeness Heuristic is a rule of thumb where people judge the probability or frequency of a hypothesis by considering how much the hypothesis resembles available data.