Term
| five developmental tasks of adolescence |
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Definition
1. Accept full-grown body and changes of puberty
2. Acquire adult ways of thinking
3. Develop more mature ways of relating to peers of both sexes
4. Construct/consolidate and identity
5. Attain greater emotional and economic independence |
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Term
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Definition
Puberty- set of biological processes that change the immature child into a sexually mature person
Time-Girls: 10.5-15 Boys: 11.5-17
. Youth progress through events at different rates, all generally following the same sequence.
Characterized by uneven growth (asynchrony) |
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Term
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Definition
•Body Growth is controlled by increase in hormones secreted by adrenal glands
•First outward sign of puberty = growth spurt- increases in size, strength, weight (25-40 lbs)
•Girls start earlier, often age 9-10; lasts about 2.5 years.
•Boys start 2 yrs later, around age 12.5 and grow for a longer period of time.
•Reverse of cephalocaudal trend
•Increase in appetite
•Increase in size and activity of oil-producing glands
•See changes in muscles-fat ratio. Girls add more fat than boys. Boys gain more muscle strength than girls. |
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Term
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Definition
| a well organized conception of the self made up of values, beliefs and goals to which the individual is solidly committed |
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Term
Four Stages of Identity Formation
(First 2) |
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Definition
Identity achievement- completed the struggle- committed to a set of self-chosen values and goals
Identity moratorium- holding pattern midst of exploration, not yet made commitments |
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Term
| Four Stages of Identity Formation |
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Definition
Identity foreclosure- pursing goals chosen by others- commitment without exploration
Identity diffusion- not committed to a particular values and goals- not actively exploring- lack clear direction |
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Term
| identity development issues among ethnic minority adolescents |
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Definition
challenging for ethnic minority youth to negotiate stereotypes of their group held by mainstream culture
-challenging to confront conflicting values |
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Term
| Kohlberg’s 3 broad levels of moral reasoning |
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Definition
Preconventional- morality is externally controlled and is governed by external rewards and punishments.
Conventional- societal rules are important- abide by internal standards, but they are the rulesof otehrs
Postconventional- move beyond an unquestioning support for laws to define morality in terms of abstract principles and values. |
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Term
| Criticism of Kohlberg's approach |
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Definition
1.Focuses solely on moral thought without testing behavior
2. Cultural biases? Age biases?
3. Gilligan- justice perspective does not fully reflect relationships and concern for others (care perspective) |
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Term
| Individuation (process of autonomy in adolescents) |
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Definition
| Process of becoming an individual, separate emotionally from one's parents |
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Term
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Definition
Sometimes a result of individuation
-Frequent in early adolescence and most intense in mid-adolescence
-Conflict focus on issues of self-discipline and self-controll
-Bi-directional conflicts both groups have issues
-continual turmoil is rare |
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Term
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Definition
-Most common psychological problem of adolescence
-2x as often in girls; linked to biological and environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
-Third leading cause of death in America's young people
-9-10% of all teens have attempted (25-30 have thought about it)
-Occurs in two groups
-Highly intelligent, solitary,and withdrawn
-Shows antisocial tendencies such as bullying, fighting, risk taking, stealing, and drug use
Boys are successful 5 to 1 |
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Term
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Definition
-Strength increases during 20s peaks around 30s
-Overall healthy state
-See in 20s
1.Growth in muslcle
2.Increase in fat
3.Weigth typically increases |
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Term
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Definition
gentically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal among humans
-Diffrecnes in rate and course dependon
--Genetics
--Lifestyle choices
--Living environment
--Historical period |
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Term
| Changes in functioning of internal body systems |
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Definition
Gradual changes in functioning of internal body systems: EX
-Heart and Lung functioning
-Reproductive capacity declines, especially after 35
-Takes longer to adapt and recover |
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Term
| Changes in physical appearance |
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Definition
-Gradual loss of collagen- thinner, less flexible skin, wrinkles, sagging
-Gray and sometimes thinning hair begins to emerge around 30 - decreases in # of pigment producing cells |
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Term
| Effects of smoking on Health |
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Definition
-Single biggest contributor to health problems
-Related to 440,000 deaths each year
-Related to over half of all cancers
-Approx. 90% of smokers start before age 21
-Quitting at any point can have enormous health benefits |
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Term
| Effects of binge drinking on health |
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Definition
M: 5 or more drinks in a row W: 4 or more drinks in a row
44% of UG are binge drinkers
6 trajectories of binge drinking
Predictors
-White Male
-Lower GPA
-Higher hostility, social intolerance
-Greater quantity of time spent w/ friends |
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Term
| Riegel’s view of adult cognition |
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Definition
dialectical operations or post formal thought
-Accept contradiction and integrate differing viewpoints into a larger conceptual understanding
-involves reasoning that is adapted to subjective, real-life contexts |
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Term
| Labouvie-Vief’s view of adult cognition |
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Definition
Post formal thought
-Subjective feelings and personal experiences must be integrated with objective, analytic thought
-Relativism- awareness of multiple truths
-Contradiction
-Synthesis |
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Term
| Schaie’s stages of cognitive development in adulthood – first 3 stages |
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Definition
1.Acquisitive Stage- childhood and adolescence- acquire information- "What should I know?" "How should I use what I know?"
2.Achieving Stage- young adulthood- apply knowledge to one's major life decisions
3. Responsibility Stage- Middle adulthood- cognitions extend to social obligations and responsibilities |
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Term
| Cognitive Impact of College Experience |
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Definition
-Improve verbal and quantitative skills and knowledge of specific subject areas
-Improves oral and written communication skills
-Improves various aspects of problem solving
-See revisions in attitudes and values
-Foster concern with individual rights and human welfare- Enlightenment
-Develop greater self-understanding, enhanced self-esteem, and a firmer sense of identity |
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Term
| Erikson's College conflict of intimacy vs. Isolation |
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Definition
Intimacy involves a mutually satisfying, close relationship with another person
-Must balance needs for independence and intimacy
1.W/out independence- define self only in terms of partner
2.W/out intimacy - face isolation, loneliness, self-absorption
3. Positive resolution- intimacy,committed relationship w/ sacrifice, compromise |
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Term
| Levinson’s seasons of life |
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Definition
Key concept is LIFE STRUCTURE- the underlying pattern or design of a person's life at a given time- consists of relationships w/ sifnficatn others
-Development see as a sequence of stable and transitional phases
-Stable-Pursue goals- at ease with self
-Transitional phases- question one's life and explore new possibilities |
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Term
| Levinsons's Seasons of Life=Sequence |
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Definition
17-22= Transition to early adulthood. Task is to become psychologically independent from parent.
22-28- Stable phase. Become autonomous. Establish self in adult world. Work on developing intimacy
28-33= Age 30 transition- reevaluate life structure
33-40= Stable Phase- "settling down" - career consolidation is a major goal- sex differences |
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Term
| Levinsons' Seasons of Life Organizing Factors |
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Definition
Dream- an image of the self in the adult world that guides decision making - inspiring a person in hes/her present endeavors
1.Gender Differences
2. Refine and update dreams
Mentor- facilitates realization of the dream. Mentor provides a transition from parent-child relationship to world of adult peers. |
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Term
| Levinsons' Seasons of life Concerns and Criticisms |
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Definition
-Relevance of patterns to todays youth (cohort effects)
-Absence of low-income men and women in samples
-Possible inaccurate memories
-Rigidity of stages |
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Term
| transition to marriage - what people look for in partners |
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Definition
Transition-changes in which we restructure our lives or reorder our goals in response to changing experiences
-tend to select mates similar to self
-Men and women emphasize different characteristics as important
-Cultural differences |
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Term
| Traditional Marital Roles |
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Definition
1. Clear division of husband's and wife's roles
2. M as head of household, breadwinner
3. F as caregiver |
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Term
| Egalitarian marriage roles |
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Definition
1. Relate as equals
2. Power and authority are shared |
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Term
| Factors affecting division of power |
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Definition
i. Income of Partner
ii. Views of male as provider
iii. Degree love each other equally |
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Term
| 10 Factors Predicting Marital Satisfaction |
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Definition
1. Communication of emotion
2. Homogamy- similarity of values and interests
3. Age at marriage
4. Length of courtship
5. Timing of first pregnancy
6. Warm and positive relationship to extended family
7. Stable marital patterns in extended family
8. Financial and employment security
9. Personality characteristics
10. Expectations and myths about marriage |
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Term
| Overall Body Growth in Puberty |
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Definition
Controlled by increase in hormones secreted by adrenal galnds
-First outward sign of puberty= growth spurt- increase in size, strenght, weight (25-40 lbs)
-Girls start earlier, often age 9-10; lasts about 2.5 years.
-Boys start 2 years later, around age 12.5 and grow for a longer period of time.
-Reverse of cephalocaudal trend
-Increase in appetite
-Increase in size and activity of oil-producing glands
-See changes in muscles-fat ratio. Girls add more fat than boys. Boys gain more muscle strength than girls. |
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Term
| sexual maturation - primary vs. secondary sexual characteristics |
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Definition
Primary sexual Characteristics- involve reproductive organs directly
Secondary sexual characteristics- external changes that help distinguish Males and Females |
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Term
| General Changes of Sexual Maturation |
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Definition
-Increase in levels of androgens and estrogens for girls and boys, but levels are sex-specific
-Boys get more androgens like testosterone- muscle growth, gains in body size, sexual characteristics
-Girls get more estrogens- causes breasts and uterus to mature, fat to accumulate, regulate menstrual cycle
-Menarche-occurs late in sequence, typically around age 12.5- based on genetics and body fat |
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Term
| Genetic Influence Affecting Timing of Puberty |
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Definition
Influenced by both genes and environment
-Twin studies
Identical 2 Months Different Fraternal 12 months |
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Term
| Environmental Influences affecting Timing of Puberty |
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Definition
-Nutrition, Weight, Dieting, Exercise
-Psychosocial aspects- Links between earlier pubertal timing and stress, divorce, father absence, family conflict |
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Term
| Effects of Socio emotional stress on puberty |
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Definition
Hormonal- Pheromones of unrelated men
Evolutionary Model- exposure to different environments biases children toward acquisition of different reproductive strategies- in a stressful environment it is adaptive to mature early individuate from family, reproduce early
-Psychological effects vary be sex. Early: boys tend to fare better than girls. Later: Girls fare better than boys. |
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Term
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Definition
-Amazing amount of growth- adolescents now aware of changing body
-Adolescents as a marginal group- within-group conformity is important
-Mass media contribute by presenting one-dimensional images of attractiveness
--Boys-physical strength
--Girls- thinness, sexy
Increased risk of eating disorders such as anorexia |
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Term
| Dating and Early Sexual Experiences |
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Definition
Ages 13-14 (girls) 14-15 (boys)
-Early Dating- for many young adolescents, dating is based on a superficial intimacy rather than a genuine closeness
-Sexual initiation- during ages 15-19, a majority become sexually active.
-Inconsistent use of protection
-Highest STD rate
20% of active teen girls become pregnant each year |
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Term
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Definition
-Expected to be interested in sex; part of being a man
-Expected to take initiative
-Acceptance/idealization of non relational sex.
-Boys' first sexual experience = scoring |
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Term
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Definition
Expected to be less interested in sex, more interested in love and relationships ("good girl" vs. "bad girl")
-Responsible ones and limit-setters
Little emphasis on own desire; goal is to be desirable
First experience tied to feelings of love and closeness |
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Term
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Definition
-Sexual Socialization- what and how we learn about sexuality and sexual relationships
-Multidimensional Process
--Learning involves many issues
--Input comes in different forms
--Input received across the lifespan
--Information comes from several sources
----Parents seen as initial sexuality educators
----Peers, school, media often cited as most important
----Source of information varies by topic |
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Term
| Nature of Parental Communication about Sexuality |
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Definition
-American parents typically give minimal direct, verbal information
-Focus of communication is often on biology, physical development, and sexual safety
-Minimal discussion of sexual pleasure, sexual feelings.
-More than 2/3 of young people have talked to their parents about sexuality. Quantities vary by topic
-Mothers tend to discuss issues more than fathers
-Parents tend to believe they were more communicative than children perceive them to be |
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Term
| general nature of peer sexual communications |
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Definition
Peer- less research in this area
-Key component is the sharing of sexual jokes, experience, gossips, and advice, all within a context where sex is relatively positive |
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Term
| Media Messages about Sexuality |
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Definition
-Sexual references are more verbal than visual
-Bulk of sexual content occurs outside marital relationships
-Minimal discussion and depiction of sexual planning and of the physical consequences
-Stereotypical sexual roles for women and men |
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Term
| Ward findings about nature of media messages about sexuality |
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Definition
-Themes
1.Sexual/romantic relations are a competition (11.8%)
2. Men value and select women based on their physical appearance (11.5%)
3.Sex is a defining act of masculinity. TO be male is to be sexual with women (9.6%)
4. Women are attracted to specific types of men (men with status and good looks; 9.6%) |
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Term
| comparison of the nature of sexual communication from parents, peers, and the media |
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Definition
Peers led as soruce of sexual infomration (topics), followed by the media and parents
3 agents varied in the nature of the sexual themes/messages perceived
-Parents- Sex is for marriage and for love
-Peers and media- sexual freedom, stereotypes
-Three sources were equal in their communications of the importance of love to relationships |
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Term
| impact of parental communication on early sexual behavior – why mixed findings? |
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Definition
Mixed findings
-Expectation is that parental input will be beneficial
Potential reasons for mixed results
-Research has viewed parental communications too simplistically
1. Vague definition of "sexual intercourse"
2. Focus on topic over content
3. Don't look at timing of communication |
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Term
| general findings about connections between TV viewing and adolescents’ sexual attitudes and behavior |
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Definition
-Greater exposure to sexually-oriented genres such as soap operas and music video has been linked to
-More accepting attitudes about premarital sex
-More stereotypical attitudes about sexual roles and relationships
-Greater acceptance of sexual improprieties
-Higher estimates of the prevalence of certain sexual outcome
-Earlier initiation of sexual activities |
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Term
| Ward lab findings about effects of sexualized media ideal |
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Definition
Greater media use is associated with stronger endorsement of traditional gender ideologies that sexualize women's bodies and support a sexual double standard
-Endorsing these notions was consistently linked to
--More negative attitudes toward breastfeeding
--More negative attitudes toward childbirth
--Less comfort with the reproductive functions of women's bodies
--Diminished sexual agency among women
Little direct connection between media use and these beliefs |
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Term
| Advances in Logical Thinking For adolescents - Thinking about possibilities |
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Definition
"What if"- propositional thought
-able to evaluate logic of propositions w/out referring to real-world circumstances- can better handle the abstract and they hypothetical
-Able to consider range of alternatives in problem solving
-Allows adolescence to fantasize and speculate on a grander scale |
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Term
| Advances in Logical Thinking For adolescents- Thinking through hypotheses |
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Definition
"If, then" hypothetical deductive reasoning
-Able to formulate, test, evaluate hypothesis
-Example- balances and weights
-Research has shown that growth of formal reasoning abilities is slower and less complete than Piaget believed
and
3) thinking about abstract concepts; 4) second-order thinking |
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Term
Advances in Logical Thinking For adolescents- Thinking about abstract concepts
and then Thinking about thoughts- second order thinking |
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Definition
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Term
| "Side effects" of abstract thinking |
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Definition
1. Adolescent egocentrism- inten
se preoccupation with the self and with presenting one's self in the best possible light
Distortion in relation between self and others
-Imaginary audience; Personal Fable; Invisibility Fable
2. Argumentativeness
3. indecisiveness- in everyday decision making |
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Term
| Imaginary audience; personal fable; invincibility fable |
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Definition
Imaginary Audience-erroneous belief that one's behavior is the subject of constant public attention
Personal Fable- erroneous belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are totally unique
Invincibility fable- fictitious belief that one is immune to common dangers |
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Term
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Definition
| Social Clock- age graded expectations for major life events, such as beginning a first job, getting married, birth of the first child, buying a home, and retiring |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of phases characterizing the development of most families around the world |
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Term
| Sternberg’s triangular theory of love and its 3 components |
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Definition
Love is an interpersonal relationship on three different scales
1. Intimacy- which encompasses closeness, connectedness and bondedness 2.Which encompasses drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation.
3.Commitment – Which encompasses, in the short term, the decision that one loves another, and in the long term, the commitment to maintain that love. |
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Term
| stages of vocational choices |
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Definition
Fantasy Period
Tentative Period
Realistic Period |
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Term
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Definition
| In early and middle childhood, children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them. Bear little relation to the decisions they will actually make. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between ages 11 and 16, adolescents think about careers in more complex ways, at first in terms of their interests, and soon-- as they become more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations- in terms of their abilities and values. |
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Term
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Definition
| By the late teens and early twenties, with the economic and practical realities of adulthood just around the corner, young people start to narrow their options. A first step is often further exploration gathering more information about possibilites that blend with their personal characteristic. In the final phase, cyrstallization, they focus on a general vocational category and experiment for a time before settling on a single occupation |
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Term
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Definition
-Don't have as many sex partners as you think, 70% only had one in the past year. Committed relationships generally bring greater happiness.
-Americans today have had more partners though |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to heterosexual attitudes. Gay men face more hate. Tend to live in large cities |
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Term
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Definition
| first menstruation/ejaculation |
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Term
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Definition
Anorexia (don't eat) Bulimia (binge and purge)
Bulimia feel guilty, more common in girls and gay/bisexual males |
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Term
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Definition
900,000 teenage girls in US, 30,000 younger than 15
40% end in abortion
Children generally have tough lives |
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Term
| adolscent substance use and abuse |
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Definition
40% cig; 63% drinking; 38% illegal drugs
abuse is different, seriously troubled |
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Term
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Definition
| Defined by intimacy and loyalness |
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Term
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Definition
| Peer groups are organized around cliques- groups of about five to seven members who are good friends and, therefore, usually resemble one another in family background, attitudes, and values |
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Term
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Definition
| several cliques with similar values form a larger more loosely organized group called a crowd |
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Term
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Definition
| Living without an intimate partner |
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Term
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Definition
| the lifestyle of unmarried couples who have a sexually intimate relationship and who share a residence. |
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Term
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Definition
| the dominant family form today is the dual-earner marriage in which both partners are employed |
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Term
| Identity versus role confusion |
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Definition
| Erikson- psychological conflict of adolescence where successful outcomes of earlier stages pave the way to its positive resolution. |
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Term
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Definition
erikson blieves in crisis, a temporary period of distress as they experiment with alternatives before settling on values and goals.
Current theorist believe rather in a period of exploration followed by commitment |
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