Term
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Definition
| Easier to conditioning using a novel stimulus, such as almonds for dogs |
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Term
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Definition
| Can condition with a more preferred action to do a less preferred action (eat your vegetables and then you can have dessert) |
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Term
| ICSS & Dopamine/ Nucleus Accumbens |
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Definition
Intercranial Self Stimulation- rat presses lever over and over for stimulation, will forsake everything else even food and sex for the pleasure
Dopamine which is produced in the subcortical region of the nucleus accumbens is natures biological reinforcer. Like's exercise and reward. The more dopamine is released with the reinforcer the more profound the effect |
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Term
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Definition
"Cells that fire together wire together"
Elaborate |
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Term
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Definition
All behavior is learned/ trained
Only observed observable behavior
Elaborate |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes 4 trials to train and 4 trials to go extinct |
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Term
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Definition
| Rewarded behavior is more likely to occur (parent tell kids they like them playing nice and the kids are more likely to play nice) |
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Term
| 3 Problems with Punishment |
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Definition
Don't learn what to do, but what not to do
Only get better at hiding the bad action
May misattribute or generalize what was wrong to begin with (yell at coloring on baby, but think that all drawing is bad, or can develop fear of parent) |
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Term
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Definition
C- Continuos reinforcement (after every trial)
VR- Varying ratio (after every random number of trials)
F- Fixed ratio (after every certain number of trials)
VI- Varying intervals- varying intervals of time
Check if there is one more |
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Term
| 4 Steps in Observational Learning |
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Definition
Always/Attention: focusing, understanding and comprehending what they are watching
Retain/Retention: retain or form some mental picture of what occurred
Reproductive: be able to reduce the situation that they saw
Motivation: have some sort of motivation to act on what they saw (such as being deprived of toys) |
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Term
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Definition
POP
A framework that allows someone perceive, organize and process input |
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Term
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Definition
Gram- specific amount
Thought to be the specific place where memory is stored, but actually distributed around the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Forget or create facts. When asked to recall must make sense of the story so create something that wasn't there. Not lying just making sense of a jumble. (Elaborate) |
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Term
| 3 Stages of the Modal Model |
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Definition
Sensory Memory- trace in nervous system for split second. 1- Iconic: visual memory 2- Echoic:auditory sensory information
Short term memory- limited capacity, lasts only 20 or 30 seconds. Also contains working memory which keeps selective memory on hand for constant use
Long term memory- can be lost over time, but remains fairly consistent, enters through rehearsal, practice |
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Term
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Definition
| Confusion between source and reality (not sure whether you remember and a thought or an actual action) |
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Term
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Definition
Retrograde- lose memories from the past (long term memory loss)
Anterograde- unable to form new memories (HM) |
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Term
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Definition
Proactive- old memories block the formation of new ones
Retroactive- new memories replace old ones |
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Term
| Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
Fluid Intelligence- intelligence that can be applied in complex or novel situations (learning a new skill like calculus)
Crystallized- knowledge we already know and ability to use that knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| This century is more smart than the last. Due to increase in education and better health as well as more intensive parenting |
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Term
| History of Intelligence Testing |
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Definition
Dalton- Eugenics, genetics
Binet- environment, improvable
Stanford-binet- average intelligence for student
Terman- first adult intelligence tests
Weschler- standardized intelligence testing |
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Term
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Definition
PAC
Practical- everyday situations
Analytical- academic situations, requires metacognition
Creativity- ability to respond to novel situations or create ideas |
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Term
| Implicit versus Explicit Memory |
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Definition
Implicit- don't have to think about it directly (driving)
Explicit- knowledge that can be expressed. declarative |
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Term
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Definition
| Can train an animal do something but instinct will take over if not consistently reinforced |
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Term
| Difference between primary/secondary reinforcers/punishers |
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Definition
Primary: biological (sex or food/ shocks)
Secondary: trained (money/ twitching eye prelude to beating) |
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Term
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Definition
Structural- what it looks like
Phoenemic- what is sounds like
Semantic- what it means |
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Term
| Wescher Intelligence Scale |
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Definition
Verbal Comprehension- vocabulary
Perceptual reasoning- spatial skills
Processing speed- symbols and coding
Working memory- arithmetic |
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Term
| Multiple Intelligence and Criticism |
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Definition
Multiple Intelligence Pros
- Can damage brain, lose some intelligence and retain other types
- Savants (geniuses with autism)
Criticism
- People who are intelligent tend to be good at many things
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Term
| Two parts of Brain with emotions and what they do |
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Definition
Amygdala- associates fear with stimulus
Prefrontal cortex- process physiological responses as emotions, subjective nature of emotional response |
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Term
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Definition
| Right and left affected by different emotions. Right tends to be more negative (bad for lefties) |
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Term
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Definition
| Will continue to believe something even after hearing counteracting evidence. Critical thinking and chart mapping out the the pro and cons for both the belief and the anti belief |
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Term
| Three types of Heuristics |
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Definition
Availability- tendency to judge likelihood of events by how many examples I can come up with Recognition- attributre more value to something I recognize
Representativeness- judging how likely by how much the entity matches the heuristic |
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Term
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Definition
Fixation- can't think of any other solution to a problem
Mental set- only stick to a solution that worked in the past without looking to new solutions |
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Term
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Definition
| How and when it is culturally appropriate to display certain features. Leads to cultural stereotypes and learned through socialization. |
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Term
| Affect as information theory |
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Definition
| People use current feelings to make decisions whether they are aware of it or not. More likely to think life is unsatisfactory if they are depressed. If realize source of mood, overall perspective improves. |
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Term
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Definition
| How emotional processes define behavior, natural reinforcers, i.e. knowing a negative emotional response is coming then will avoid the behavior (guilt) |
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Term
| Prefrontal cortex role in emotion |
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Definition
| Prefrontal cortex processes the physiological response into emotions, associated with the loss of mood's subjective component |
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Term
| Two common mistakes or regulating mood |
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Definition
Suppression- try to ignore or deny emotions, will come back even stronger than before suppression(rebound effect)
Rumination- only dwell on the negative emotion, hinders coping or regulating strategies (like humor or distracting self) |
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Term
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Definition
Physiological- biological response, heart rate
Expressive behaviors- cultural rules (appropriate behavior at a funeral)
Conscious experience- cognitive label (I feel such and such) |
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Term
Explain how misattribution of arousal relates to Schachter’s 2-factor theory.
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Definition
Misattrib of arousal- physiological response is close to another form of arousal. (Angry couples go have sex), or not having a chemical explanation for emotion someone will think it's real
2 factor- emotions are determined by both cognitive appraisal and physiological arousal |
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Term
Explain the Yerkes-Dodson Law and how type of task influences the outcomes predicted by this law.
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Definition
| The parabola graph. Quality of performance the best when arousal is at moderate. If doing a boring task need to be at a higher arousal, really engaging want to be lower arousal for response |
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Term
| Long term memory parts of the brain |
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Definition
Medial temporal lobes- consolidation of memories
Hippocampus- important for declarative memories |
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Term
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard
Schachter |
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Definition
JL- physico than cognitive
CB- cognitive then phsyio, physio too close to really make any distinguishing elements
Schater- both physio and cognitive "fake it until you make it" |
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Term
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Definition
| Shape of face determines emotion (eeee! versus euh...) |
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