2 Kingdoms: 

Animalia

Plantae

3 Kingdoms: 

Animalia

Plantae

Protista

simple organization, not easily placed in other 2 kingdoms. 

Unicellular

Multicelluar do not develop differential tissue

algae, fungi, protozoa, and bacteria + blue-green algae

Higher Protista

Lower Protista

Eukaryotic cell structure- membrane bound nucleus

Algae, protozoa, fungi

Prokaryotic cell structure--> no membrane bound nucleus

cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and bacteria

5 Kingdoms

I. Monera- prokaryotic & unicellular

--bacteria & cyanobacteria

II. Protista- eukaryotic &unicellular 

--algae & protozoa

III. Plantae - photosynthesis

IV. Fungi - absorption

V. Animalia- Ingestion

Discovery of Archaea through ribosomal RNA

I. Bacteria (Eubacteria) --> All prokaryotes

Gram +, Gram - , Cyanobacteria

II. Archaea--> All prokaryotes

Methanogens, Hyperthermophiles, Halophiles

III. Eukarya--> All eukaryotes

Staining Properties: 

Morphology

Staining Properties: 

Differential Stain

Gram reaction--> Gram +/-

Specific Enzymes

Staining Properties: 

Structual Stain

Spore: Clostridium

Capsule 

Flagellum

C=O, also bonded to H and R group

C=O is called carbonyl group

C=O, also bonded to 2 other R groups

C=O is called a carbonyl group

C double bonded to a O, also bonded to an -OH, also bonded to an R group

-COOH is called carboxyl group, in water loses H+ ion

Formed by combining an acid and an alcohol

Acid + Alcohol = Ester + Water

C-N Compunds: 

Amines

C-N Compunds: 

Amides 

combining an acid and an amine, uncharged in water

-COOH + NH2 --> -NH-C + H2O

Know high energy bonding

Inorganic phosphate written as P_i

Hydrogen Bonding

C/G > A/T

or

Cytosine/Guanine has 3 sites of hydrogen bonding 

where Adenine/Thymine only have 2

Therefore C/G is more stable DNA stranding

About 70% H2O 

About 30% chemicals--most of which are proteins

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 

in ratio of 1:2:1

Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides

GLYCOSIDIC BONDING

Non-polar macromolecules

Ex. triglycerides, waxes, sterols, fatty acids

3 Units: 

5 Carbon Sugar (ribose, RNA, or deoxyribose, DNA)

A nitrogen base

molecule of Phosphate (PO₄^2-)

Contain N- glycosidic linkages

Carbon 3 prime - Carbon 5 prime linkages

Phosphate likage= phosphodiester

Single 6 membered ring 

Cytosine 

Uracil

Thymine

2 fused heterocyclic (more than 1 kind of atom) rings

Adenine 

Guanine

carries gentic blueprint for cell

double stranded

strands associate by hydrogen bonding

Intermediate blueprint-> amino acid sequence

single stranded molecules

2ndary structure due to H bonding

mRNA --> messenger RNA

tRNA --> transfer RNA

rRNA --> ribosomal RNA

Contain carboxylic acid (-COOH) and a amino group (-NH2)

Monomeric units of proteins

tetrhedral structures

L-Amino Acids

D-Sugars

Protein Structure: 

Primary

Protein Structure: 

Secondary

interactions between polypeptide backbone

alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

hydrogen bonding

Protein Structure: 

Tertiary 

overall conformation stabilized by weak interactions

(final folding in 3D space) 

disulfide bridges in 1 polypeptide

Protein Structure: 

Quaternary

proteins of multiple polypeptides

linking of 2 polypetides by disulfide bridge

proteins exposed to extreme heat, pH, chemicals

polypeptide chain unfloding

still holds primary structure