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| established first psychology laboratory |
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| psychoanalysist, his controversial ideas influenced much understanding |
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| view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. the human is viewed as a black box |
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| historically significant perspective that rebels against behaviorism and Freudian psychology. noted for emphasis on growth potential of healthy people and the individual's growth |
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| interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition |
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| a leading behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shaped behavior |
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| John Watson/Rosalie Rayner |
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| famous behaviorist who demonstrated condition responses |
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| psychodynamic/psychoanalytic |
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| studies how behavior spring from unconscious desires and conflicts |
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| tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it |
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| statement of the procedures used to define research variables. ex. human intelligence defined as "what an intelligence test measures" |
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| observation technique in which one person is studied in depth. usually not replicable or ethical in lab practice |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| a nerve cell; building block of nervous system |
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| neuron's branching extensions that receive messages |
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| neuron's extension that passes messages through terminal fibers |
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| neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon; all-or-nothing |
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| level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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| junction between axon of transmitter and dendrite of receiver |
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| synaptic gap/synaptic cleft |
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| small open area between axon and dendrite |
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| chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons |
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| neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory. in Alzheimer's, the neurons that produce this deteriorate |
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| neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. excess is linked to schizophrenia. lack of leads to tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson's |
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| neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. lack of leads to depression. |
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| neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal. lack of can depress mood. |
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| neurotransmitter that lessens pain and boosts mood. if flooded with artificial opiates, the brain may stop produceing these |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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| sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
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| division of PNS that controls skeletal muscles. also called skeletal nervous system |
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| division of PNS that controls glands and muscles of internal organs. contains sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming) |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| part of autonomic nervous system; responsible for arousal systems that mobilize energy usage |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| part of autonomic nervous system; responsible for calming systems that conserve energy |
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| oldest part and central core of brain; responsible for automatic survival functions |
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| base of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing |
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| brain's sensory relay system |
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| nerve network responsible for controlling arousal; cats with this cut could still survive but lacked any motivated functions |
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| at rear of brainstem; functions include nonverbal learning, processing sensory output, and coordinating movement and balance |
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| neural system associated with emotions and drives |
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| two neural clusters in limbic system linked to emotions such as fear and aggression |
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| neural structure that directs maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward |
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| area in limbic system associated with memory, especially forming new memories |
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| intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering cerebral hemispheres; the ultimate control and information-processing center |
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| portion of cerebral cortex just behind the forehead; involved in speaking, muscle movements, making plans and judgments, personality, and executive functions |
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| portion of cerebral cortex lying at top of the head and towards the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position |
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| portion of cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields |
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| portion of cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear |
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| area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement |
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| area at front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sesnations |
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| areas of cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; instead involved in higher mental functions like learning, remembering, thinking, speaking and integrating information |
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| impairment of language; usually caused by left-hemisphere damage to the Broca's area or Wernicke's area |
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| controls language expression; located in left back of frontal lobe; directs muscle movements involved in speech |
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| controls language reception and understanding; located in the left temporal lobe and is involved in language comprehension and expression |
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| brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience |
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| large band of neural fibers connecting two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
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