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Details Title: Test 1 Description: Ch 1-10 Total Flash Cards: 67 Created: 09/17/2007 00:52:18	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term the uneven distribution of charges caused by the highly electronegative characteristics of oxygen makes water a __________ covalent molecule Definition polar Term identify the energy producing metabolic pathway with enzymes located in the mitochondrial matrix: Definition Krebs Cycle Term high levels of physical activity beyond the anaerobic (ie without oxygen) threshold results in the production of this organic acid in the tissues Definition lactic acid Term the hormone calcitonin is synthesized and secreted by the _________ of the _________ gland Definition c-cells thyroid Term hydrogen bonds form helical (coiled) domains and beta-pleated sheets in a protein. These regions are typical of its __________ structure Definition secondary Term identify the peptide hormone responsible for increasing plasma calcium (Ca++) levels Definition parathyroid hormone Term the co-transport of glucose and sodiumm (Na+) is an example of _______________ transport Definition secondary active Term identify the modified nucleotide that is the second messenger in many G-protein signal transduction pathways: Definition CAMP + Pi Term nucleotides consist of a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a ______________ linked by covalent bonds Definition nitrogenous base Term the __________ pituitary gland is composed of neural tissue and is embryologically derived from the floor of the hypothalamus of the brain Definition posterior Term identify the three-carbon molecule that is the final product of glycolysis in the presence of adequate oxygen: Definition pyruvate-- acetolCOA Term the majority of inracellular "fixed anions" belong to this class of organic polymers: Definition peptides Term aerobic respiration of 1 molecule of gllucose produces _____ ATP molecules Definition 36 Term oxidation is _______ of electrons, reduction is _____ of electrons Definition loss gain Term identify the amino acid-derived hormone that acts more like a lipid-based hormone in its mechanism of action: Definition ***T4 Term efflux (outflow) of K+ ions would have what effect on the resting membrane potential Definition ***positive Term packaging, labeling, and distribution of cellular products synthesized in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) takes place in what organelle? Definition golgi apparatus Term electrons produced in the Kreb's cycle (TCA cycle are transferred to the ETS by these 2 chemical compounds (list their abbreviated acronyms): ________ and _______ Definition FADH NaDH2 Term the Na+/K+ ATPase is an example of ________ active transport Definition primary Term hormones may be broadly classified as belonging to TWO MAJOR CHEMICAL CATEGORIES. Identify the category that best describes hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland Definition steroids Term T/F glucagon is often described as a hypoglycemic hormone Definition FALSE Term T/F triglycerides are an important class of amphipathic molecules Definition FALSE Term T/F the Nernst equation predicts the equilibrium potential for a single ion Definition TRUE Term T/F enzymes are usually proteins thought to possess active sites that are determined by complex 3-dimensional properties of secondary structure Definition TRUE Term T/F c-cells or parafollicular cells are found in the parathyroid gland Definition FALSE Term T/F all nucleic acids are located exclusively within the nucleus of the cell Definition FALSE Term T/F an acid may be defined as a proton (H=) acceptor Definition FALSE Term T/F the diffusion of glucose "down" its concentration gradient into the cell is an example of secondary active transport Definition FALSE Term T/F enzymatic co-factors are commonly vitamins, such as vitamin C Definition FALSE Term T/F the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are classified as catecholamines Definition FALSE Term parathyroid hormone (PTH) Definition acts on several targets to decrease plasma calcium concentration Term which of the following statements regarding G-protein signal transduction pathways is false? Definition they require intracellular messengers that act as transcription factors Term which statement regarding the hormone insulin is correct Definition it stimulates the synthesis and storage of fats (lipogenesis) Term which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the chemical bonds that form the primary structure of proteins Definition they are known as peptide bonds they result from a dehydrationn synthesis they are covalent bonds ALL INCORRECT Term which of the following factors determines enzyme activity Definition temperature substrate concentration cofactors and coenzymes pH Term hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus include Definition GnRH, TRH, ADH and GHIH and GHIH, CRH, and OXY Term identify the incorrect statement below regarding thyroid hormones Definition they are lipophobic Term which of the following is not one of the cardinal symptoms of Diabetes mellitus Definition excessive sweating Term regulation of steroid hormones secreted by the gonades is determined by Definition levels of these hormones in the blood; inhibition or stimulation of tropic hormones by the anterior pituitary; inhibition or stimulation of releasing hormones by the hypothalamus; negative feedback; ALL Term which on of the following statements is accurate regarding the endocrine function of the anterior pituitary Definition tropic, or stimulation, hormones are produced there Term definition of physiology Definition "study of the function of anatomical structures" or "now the structural components of the body FUNCTION to sustain life" the role of anatomy Term homeostasis Definition dynamic balance "maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in the face of constantly changing ambient (internal and/or external) conditions Term negative feedback Definition change of some physiological variable ex. temp, blood glucose, a hormone, etc. Term positive feedback Definition far less comman than NFB; increase in variable stimulates further increase until stimulus is removed ex. childbirth, blood clotting factors Term basic compositions of matter Definition atoms, elements protons, neutrons, electrons molecule, compound isotopes atomic #, mass #@, atomic weight Term chemical bonds Definition molecules are formed by intersections between valence electrons of 2 or more atons: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds Term covalent bonds Definition sharing of electrons b/w 2 or more atoms ex. water and organic compounds Term hydrogen bonds Definition attraction of hydrogen atom of one molecule for a strongly... Term ionic bonds Definition ex. NaCl Term solutes vs solvents Definition solutes: substances that dissolve in liquids solvents: liquid; water-universal solvent, human body Term acid vs base Definition acid: proton (H+) donor base: proton (H+) acceptor Term biomolecules Definition most are organic (contain C,H,O) 4 major classes: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids & nucleotides Term plasma membrane Definition selective control of movement of materials in and out of cell "fluid mosaic model" diagram: polar heads-hydrophilic Term cytoplasm & cytoskeleton Definition gel-like matrix in lattice of fibrous proteins (fibers= tubulin, actin, myosin, etc.) Term organelles Definition membrane-bound structures lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, ER, nucleus Term nucleus Definition cellular control (DNA, RNA) -double-membrane bound -numberous pores (transport) Term nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) Definition macromolecules formed from nucleotides; phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base; DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid Term metabolism Definition sum of all celllular reactions that produce, transfer or use nrg in the process of maintaining life 1st: conservation of energy 2nd: entropy increases plants & animals consume and use nrg to decrease entrophy Term enzymes Definition are proteins that act as biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical rxns; lower the activation energy of rxns; not changed by rxn or nature Term osmotic pressure Definition measurable force required to exactly counteract the net osmotic movement of water across a semipermeable membrane Term tonicity Definition effect of a solution on osmotic movement of water into or out of cells; behaviors of RBCs in varying tonicity solutions Term plasma membranes... Definition ...relatively permeable to: water and nonpolar molecules (ex. steroids, trigycerides, etc.) ...relatively permeable to: variety of essential solutes (ex. glucose, ions, amino acids) Term Central Dogma Definition framework for understanding the transfer of sequence information between sequential information-carrying biopolymers, in the most common or general case, in living organisms Term oxygen debt aka excess post-exercise oxygen consumptions Definition after strenuous activity; extra oxygen is used in the processes to restore the body to resting state & adapt it to the exercise performed. ex.hormone balancing,replenishment of fuel stores,cellular repair,innervation,and anabolism. Term passive diffusion Definition small molecules diffuse down concentration gradient via channel proteins (pores) non-polar molecules may cross membrane Term facilitated diffusion Definition uses no cellular energy (no ATP hydrolysis) transport of relatively large molecules (ex. glucose) down their concentration gradient thought to require special “carrier” molecules in the plasma membrane Term membrane potential Definition selective permeability of the plasma membrane & activity of a+/K+ ATPase result in uneven distribution of charges on either side of PM; cytoplasmic side(inside) of cell carries net negative charge relative to the extracellular side(outside)