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| explicitly defined constructs, linked by correspondence rules, specifying testable hyoptheses |
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| unsystematic observations, no supporting data. can be formalized |
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| manifestation of an underlying construct that explains all the observed behaviours |
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| positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction |
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| the extent of spread of dispersion in a series of values, equal to the expected value of the squared deviation from the mean. |
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| the likelihood that two variables move/change together |
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| an effect is considered statistically significant if the associated p value is less than .05; in other words, if there is less than one in twenty chance than the effect obtained is statistically significant. |
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| consistency of measurement |
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| simple, uses the least number of variables. |
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| generates discussion, generates new theories/experiments |
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| organisms manifest differences |
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| some differences that are inherited |
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| designs that impact our rate of reprouction |
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| evolution of adaptive characteristics because of the survival benefits bestowed on those who have them |
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| evolution of adaptive characteristics because of the reproductive benefits |
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| members of one sex compete to get time/access to members of other sex |
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| may be a survival risk but a gain for reproduction |
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| o Evidence of special design = design properties selected and coordinate towards solving recurrent problems in the environment encountered by ancestors of that |
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| o By-products = design property that doesn’t directly contribute to adaptation but is linked to adaptive processes; incidentally is incorporated into the design |
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o Design properties that are adaptively neutral (ex. Variation in ear lobe size)
o Every other variation that has no effect |
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| constraints on optimal design |
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| time lag, local optima, insufficient variation |
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| a feature not useful to an organism, that did not arise as an adaptation for its present role but subsequently coopted for its current function |
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| Environment of evolutionary adaptedness |
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EEA
- Ancestral conditions and selection pressures under which an adaptation evolved |
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o An evolved, goal-directed behavioural system
o Ie. A mommy-state or proximity stat |
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| o Internal representations of infants early experiences of parental support or parental neglect |
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| reluctant to explore, anxious, ambivalent on return |
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| explores; anxious when mom leaves, relieve on return |
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| explores, indifferent to mom leaving, indifferent to return |
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| 4 intercorrelated dimensions |
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Maternal sensitivity
Acceptance
Psychological accessibility
Cooperation |
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| - An innate motivational system that maintains the “set goal” of physical/psychological proximity |
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| pair bonding enhance inclusive fitness by providing an additional means of care and protection for offspring |
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| pair bonding is simply a by-product of the relative retardation of maturational processes in humans |
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| o Quantify the variables in question (pair bonding, paternal care, development immaturity) and examine their covariation across species |
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| 2(or more) species possess the same trait due to their common ancestor (homology) |
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| = 2 (or more) species possess the same trait due to similar selection pressures (analogy) |
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| phylogenetically independent contrasts |
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- PIC suggest that pair bonding and paternal care co-evolved over history (convergent)
- PIC suggest that pair bonding and neoteny variables correlate due to shared ancestry (homologous) |
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| the psychological situation |
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Definition
o It is the person’s subjective interpretation of the situation, rather than objective array of stimuli that determines how the person will behave (i.e. that has meaning to the person)
o Any situation perceived to be real, will be real in its consequences
o If you believe it, you will act accordingly |
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Term
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Definition
o (BP) = f (E, RV)
o E = expectancy = subjective probability that a behaviour will give a certain outcome
If I do x, then y will occur; carry out a behaviour, then a certain occur will occur
o RV = reinforcement value = desirability of that outcome
How much value you give that outcome |
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- Intentions have causal properties
- Do not reduce
- Determine action (our intentions) |
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| triadic reciprocal causation |
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- Person (p), Environment (E), behaviour (B)
- B = P, E (Levine)
- Bandura says more complicated, each element affects other element
- Causal arrows going everyway between P, E, B
o Reciprocal causality |
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| fortuitous determinants in causal structures |
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Definition
- There is an element of chance in people’s lives
- “shit happens” randomness/chance
- Humans can capitalize on chance
- Can find good fortune in the randomness of things |
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- Humans have an extraordinary capacity to represent events and their relationships in symbolic form
- Rather than solve problems solely through performance, we can instead test possible solutions symbolically in thought
- Can rehearse things in our imagination through symbolism
- Don’t have to learn by doing |
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| - Humans have a capacity for observational learning that enables them to expand their knowledge and competencies through modelling the behaviours of others |
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| - Humans have the capacity of forethought – the ability to bring anticipated outcomes to bear on current activities. We act out of anticipation of reinforcement that we have either directly experienced or vicariously experience through others |
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| self-regulatory capability |
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| - Successful human development requires the substitution of internal regulation and direction for external sanctions |
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| self-reflective capability |
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Definition
| - Have to believe you can do behaviour to be able to do it |
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| subfunctions of self-regulation |
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Definition
o Self-observation
o Judgemental processes
o Self-reaction |
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o The foundation of human agency
o A person’s expectancy or belief in his/her behavioural competence to confront a challenge |
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o Personal/vicarious experiences of success/failure
o Social support and encouragement
o Emotional experiences |
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| emerges spontaneously in situations in which children are not under pressure from parents to engage in cross-sex interaction |
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| gender empowerment measure |
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Definition
| men and women participate equally in economic political and decision making roles |
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| gender related development measure |
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Definition
| men and women have equal access to education and literacy, health care |
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