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| A standard position in which the body is facing forward, feet are parallel, and the arms are at the sides with palms facing forwards. [image] |
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| Toward the upper end of the body. |
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| Toward the lower end of the body (opposite of superior). |
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| Toward the front of the body. |
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| Toward the back of the body (opposite of anterior). |
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| Toward the middle of the body. |
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| Toward the outer side of the body (opposite to medial). |
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| Between medial and lateral |
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| Close to the trunk of the body. |
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| Away from the trunk of the body (opposite to proximal). |
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| Toward or at the body surface. |
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| Away from the body surface (opposite of superficial). |
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| Cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left pairs. |
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| Sagittal section made down the median of the body. |
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| Transverse Section (Cross Section) |
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| Cut made along a horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions. |
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| Frontal Section (Coronal Section) |
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| Cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions. |
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| Contains the cranial cavity and the spinal column. |
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| Contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen. The diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm) and the abdominal and pelvic cavities (inferior to the diaphragm). |
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| Serves 2 functions: as covering or glandular tissue. Epithelium tissue connects in sheets, does not have its own blood supply, can regenerate. Simple epithelium is one layer of cells used for absorption, secretion and filtration. Stratified epithelium is more than one layer and serves as protection. |
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| Found throughout the body. Serves to connect different parts of the body. Has its own blood supply. Includes bone, cartilage, adipose (fat) tisse and blood (vascular) tissue. |
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| Produces movement. Includes skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. |
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| Allows for voluntary movement (consciously controlled). |
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| Found in the walls of internal organs and has involuntary movement. |
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| Only found in the heart and the movement is involutary. |
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| Makes up neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body. Along with supporting cells (special cells that protect the nervous tissue), the neurons make up the nervous system structures like the brain, spinal cord and nerves. |
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| Skin. Protects internal tissues from injury, serves as a barrier to foreign substances, waterproofs the body and helps regulate body temperature. |
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| Locomotion - Provides support and protection for the body and supplies a framework that muscle tissue uses to create movement. Also serves as storage for minerals. Consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints. |
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| Locomotion - Purpose is to produce movement through contraction. Muscular system consists of only skeletal muscles. Muscular system generates heat which is expelled through the skin as sweat. |
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| Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors and serves as the body's control system. Sensory receptors detect stimuli that can occur both within and outside the body. Once stimuli are detected, nervous system activates appropriate muscles or glands to respond. Very fast and works to respond to changes in the internal and external environment. Regulates sweat, interprets stimuli and adjusts the diameter of blood vessels in the skin. |
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| Regulation - Works slower than the nervous system, but also acts to control bodily functions. Glands secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs in the body. Pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus and adrenal glands regulate processes for growth and metabolism. Also includes pancreas, testes and ovaries. |
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| Circulation - Consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. Oxygen, hormones and nutrients travel throughout the body in blood. |
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| Consists of the lymphatic nodes and vessels, the spleen and thoracic duct. Its purpose is to return fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system to the blood vessels. The system cleanses the blood and houses the WBC's that are involved in protecting the body from environmental factors. |
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| Keeps all the cells in teh body supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs. The lungs house small sacs of air called alveoli. Oxygen and CO2 pass through the walls of the alveoli. |
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| Nutrition - Consists of all organs from the mouth to the anus involved in processing food: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. Digestive system breaks down food so the nutrients can easily be passed the blood for circulation through the body. Undigested food in passed to the anus. Breakdown of food ends in the small intestine. LIver produces bile that breaks down fats and the pancreas produce enzymes to the small intestine. |
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| Helps maintain water and salt balances within the body, regulates acid-base balance in the blood and removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body, which are the by-products of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids. |
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| Self-Duplication - Main purpose is to produce offspring. Men produce sperm and women produce eggs. Organs may house certain hormones that encourage or suppress activities within the body. |
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| Six levels of structural organization from most to least complex. |
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| Organismal, systemic, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical |
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| Four basic tissue types in humans. |
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Definition
C. MEN
Connective, muscular, epithelial, nervous |
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| Semi-permeable membrane allows some substances to pass through while restricting others. This membrane keeps the internal parts of the cell in the cell and the externals parts outside, integumentary system surrounds the entire body. |
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| Responding to environmental change. |
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Definition
| The human body can sense and respond to external stimuli involuntarily. The nervous system is the first to respond and then activates other systems as necessary. |
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| The some purpose of muscular tissue is to move. The muscular system moves the skeletal muscles to provide voluntary movement. Involuntary movement is found in the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, urinary and respiratory systems. |
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| Organs in the digestive system work to remove nutrients from the food we eat and transmit those nutrients to other parts of the body via the cardiovascular system. |
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| Hormones must regulate the process. Endocrine system works with the reproductive system. |
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| Growth takes activity on all systems. Skeletal and muscular systems change shape, digestive system removes nutrients from food, cardiovascular system moves these nutrients to the cells, and endocrine system release hormones to signal growth. |
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| Once the nutrients have been removed in the digestive system, the remains are excreted from the body by organs in the digestive system (intestines, rectum, anus) and the urinary system (bladder and urethra). |
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| Metabolism is the way that cells use energy - collection of chemical reactions within the cell. The digestive and respiratory systems supply the nutrients and oxygen that the body needs for the metabolism. The blood distributes these materials throughout the body and hormones secreted by teh glands of the endocrine system regulates the body's metabolism. |
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| Relationships with the skeletal system. |
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Definition
- Endocrine system releases hormones that regulate growth and the release of calcium.
- Lymphatic system contains immune cells that protect against pathogens and removes excess fluid.
- Digestive system provides nutrients.
- Urinary system activates Vit. D and removes wastes.
- Muscular system helps determine bone shape and pulls against the bone to increase bone strength.
- Nervous system senses pain stimuli in the bones and joints.
- Respiratory system provides O2 and removes CO2.
- Cardiovascular systems supplies O2 and nutrients while removing wastes.
- Reproductive system influences the skeletal form.
- Integumentary system provides Vit. D. |
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| Relationships with the muscular system. |
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Definition
- Endocrine system releases hormones the influence strength.
- Nervous system regulates muscle activity.
- Reproductive system encourages larger muscle size in men.
- Bones provide levers for muscular activity. |
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| Relationship with nervous system. |
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- Endocrine system releases hormones that regulate the metabolism of neurons.
- Urinary systems help dispose of metabolic wastes and maintains the correct electrolyte arrangement.
- Testosterone from the reproductive system stimulates development of the male reproductive organs, encourages growth of bone and muscle, and helps maintain muscle strength. |
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| Relationships with endocrine system. |
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Definition
- Cardiovascular system provides a means of transportation of hormones.
- Muscular system provides protection for some endocrine glands.
- Nervous system controls the functions of the pituitary gland. |
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| Relationships with the cardiovascular system. |
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Definition
- Hormones release by the endocrine system influence blood pressure.
- Urinary system helps regulate blood volume and pressure by altering urine volume.
- Nervous system controls the blood pressure and force, heart rate and blood distribution.
- Estrogen helps preserve vascular health in women.
- Integumentary system allows heat to escape.
- Blood cells are formed in the confines of the skeletal system. |
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| Relationships with the lymphatic system. |
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Definition
- Urinary system helps with proper lymphatic functioning by helping to maintain proper water/acid-base/ electrolyte balance of the blood.
- Brain helps control immune response.
- Acidic secretions in both the reproductive and integumentary systems prevent bacterial growth. |
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| Relationships with the respiratory system. |
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Definition
- The muscular system aids in breathing by producing volume changes (diaphragm and intercostal muscles).
- Nervous system regulates breathing rate and depth. |
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| Relationships with the digestive system. |
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Definition
- Increased skeletal muscle activity increases movement of the GI tract.
- Urinary system transforms Vit. D to a form that helps absorption of calcium. |
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| Relationships with the urinary system. |
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Definition
- Endocrine system helps regulate re-absorption of water and electrolytes n the renal area.
- The liver (digestive system) synthesize urea that must by secreted by the kidneys. |
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| Relationships with the reproductive system. |
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Definition
- Cardiovascular system transports sex hormones.
- Muscular system is involved in childbirth.
- Respiratory rate increases during pregnancy. |
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