an organism (living thing) that has only one cell

- can only be seen with a microscope!

examples: bacteria, protists

an organism (living thing) that is made of more than one cell

- can be seen with the naked eye

examples: fungi, plants, animals

keeping a stable (non-changing) internal environment by adapting to a changing external environment by making small adjustments internally

examples: sweating when hot, shivering when cold, sending hunger signals when hungry, etc.

a lipid (liquid body fat) that contains phosphorous and is a major part of the membrane (bag) of a cell

it has a polar head (which likes water) and two nonpolar tails (which do not like water) - this trait allows the cell membrane to allow water molecules to easily move in and out of the cell but prevents sugar and protein molecules from leaving the cell

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

examples:  OSMOSIS - the movement of water molecules in and out of the cell

the movement of molecules across the cell membrane, that require the use energy by the cell

• usually due to a difference in concentration (%) of chemicals inside and outside the cell
• involves "carrier" proteins called PUMPS
• an important pump is the sodium-potassium pump which moves sodium OUT of the cell and lets potassium INTO the cell

an organism (living thing) made up of cells that have a

1. nucleus wrapped in a membrane
2. multiple chromosomes
3. a mitotic cycle (replication of the cell)

examples: animals, plants, and fungi

an organism (living thing) that is made up of a single cell that does not have a nucleus or cell organelles (little parts)

example: bacteria

the central area in a eukaryotic cell that is

•  wrapped by a membrane, and
• contains the cell's genetic material, and
•  controls the activities of the cell

the BRAIN of the cell

the watery, jelly-like material that

• fills the inside of a cell, in which
• the organelles float in place (fixed by the cytoskeleton)

the important structures inside the cell that help it do its various jobs

examples: ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitrochondria

CELL PARTS:     endoplasmic reticulum

(smooth and rough ER)

the most common organelle in a cell; their job is to make proteins using instructions that come from the nucleus

a very common organelle found in most eukaryotic cells; they release energy from stored food molecules in the cell. 

the cell then uses the energy to grow, develop, and move.

the POWERHOUSE of the cell

an organelle found in most animal and fungus cells that contain digestive enzymes (chemicals) that break food down into smaller molecules that the rest of the cell can then use.

lysosomes can also break down old organelles and dispose of them through digestion (kind of like taking out the trash!)

a rigid structure found mostly in plant cells (a few fungi, algae, and bacteria also) that surrounds the cell membrane to:

1. give the plant its shape
2. protect the cell from damage
3. connect the cell to other cells

the reason for the CRUNCH factor when we eat raw plants!

green structures found in plants (and some algae) that are the food-making parts of the leaves' cells

the place where PHOTOSYNTHESIS happens

the network of looping "highways" throughout the body that carry 'good things' to all the body's parts (oxygen, food nutrients) and 'bad things' away from the body parts (carbon dioxide, toxins, pathogens)

heart - arteries - capillaries - veins

the complex groups of cells

that get information from the environment, carry it up to the brain, and then carry instructions from the brain to the body parts

brain & spinal cord -> Central Nervous System,

motor & sensory neurons -> Peripheral Nervous System

206 hardened pieces inside the body that protect internal soft organs and work with muscles to make the body move

where different types of bones meet to allow specific movements is called a 'joint'

the system made up of the kidneys, skin, and lungs that help the body get rid of WASTES

• kidneys - urine (ammonia)
• skin - sweat (salts)
• lungs - carbon dioxide 

the "meat" of an organism that causes different parts of that organism to MOVE

1. skeletal muscle: attached to bones, controlled by the organism for purposeful movement (voluntary)
2. smooth muscle: controls specific movements of the digestive system, nervous system (eyes), and circulatory system (blood vessels)
3. cardiac muscle: causes the heart to beat

the system that made up of and produces the male and female body parts and cells for the future creation of offspring (children)

the female cells are called:  ova (eggs)

the male cells are called:  sperm

the group of small organs with BIG jobs! these organs send hormones (chemicals) to different parts of the body to control those parts based on what the organism is trying to do:

• sleep
• reproduce
• fight infection
• survive
• digest food
• maintain homeostasis

the various responses of the body to fight off microscopic dangers (pathogens), usually from:

1. infection - inflammation, white blood cells
2. allergens - histamines

organisms (living things) that use energy from sunlight  (or inorganic substances) to make their own food

examples: plants (phototrophs), and some algae and bacteria (chemotrophs)

any organism that must get its food from other organisms

examples: animals, fungi

the process in plant cells in which the stored carbohydrate (sugar) energy from photosynthesis is broken into smaller water and carbon dioxide molecules and releases energy (ATP)

adenosine tri-phosphate

the molecule in cells that delivers energy wherever it is needed in a cell

made up of three (tri) phosphate groups joined in a chain

when the two outside phosphate groups are broken, energy is released and the two phosphates become ADP

NUCLEIC ACIDS:     DNA

(de-oxy-ribo-nucleic acid)

the part of a nucleotide that can be different which is what changes the "message" of the nucleotide

examples: adenine, thymine,

              guanine, cytosine

these are paired together in complementary (they are always paired this way) strands to made up the DNA twisted ladder

the process of making a copy of DNA

1. the DNA molecule separates down the middle
2. New nucleotides are added to the free-floating exposed nitrogen bases, which makes two new double helixes.
3. The T matches up with the A, and the G matches up with the C, making two new strands of DNA with both old and new bases.

the process of forming a protein using instructions given by a gene to an RNA molecule

similar to the process of DNA replication except that only one strand of RNA is created and a new nucleotide is attached to the G base, "U"

ribonucleic acid - a molecule that is used for the processing of proteins

1. Messenger (mRNA): takes copies of instructions for making specific proteins from the DNA to the ribosomes
2. Transfer (tRNA): picks up amino acids in the cytoplasm and carries them to the ribosomes      
3. Ribosomal (rRNA): contained in the ribosomes where it helps connect the mRNA and tRNA togther during the process of making proteins.

similarities: both are nucleic acids made up of nucleotides arranged in a specific order

differences:

1. RNA made of only ONE strand of nucleotides -- DNA made up of two
2. RNA's sugar is ribose -- DNA's sugar is deoxyribose
3. RNA contains the base uracil that pairs with adenine -- DNA has the thymine base that pairs with adenine

a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule

an "error" in the processing of genes either through one or more nucleotides being inserted incorrectly or wrongly deleted

a well-known disease that is caused by the mutation in certain body cells.

this mutation causes a 'tumor' to begin growing from the changed cells

how members of the same species (humans, dogs, zebras, etc.) all look slightly different

• it is beneficial to the survival of the species because variation produces stronger offspring that can adapt to changes in the environment

1. independent assortment: one chromosome received from each parent to create millions of possible combinations
2. crossing-over: parts of chromosomes can break off and pair up with other chromosomes to create new offspring
3. random fertilization: new offspring made by the random joining of two gametes (sex cells)

NUCLEIC ACIDS:   trait expression 

 dominant

 recessive

the scientific idea of classifying, describing, and naming,  organisms by what they have that is the same (domain/kingdom) with other organisms down to what they have that is completely different (species)

ORGANIZATION:   

Danish Kings and Princes Come Over For Good Soup

a silly sentence to help remember the order of the taxonomy groups

from largest to smallest:

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Soup