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- founder of psychoanalysis
- role of the unconscious includig the interpretation of dreams and the idea that the experimental method is not the sole method for discovery are two of his main contributions
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- broke from freud and developed 'analytical psychology' with less empahsis on sex but a deeper emphasis on the unconscious to include an inherited collective unconscious
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- focused more on social interests
- research on birth order
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- most fundamental theoretical concepts was basic anxiety and the resultant neurotic needs
- forerunner of feminine psychology
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- a pionner of social psychology
- widely known as a trait theorist
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- codeveloped the TAT ad identified many pschological needs such as the need for achievement
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- most widely known for expanding Freuds psychosexua stages of development to psychological stages of development covering the life span
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- founder of humanistic (third-force) psychology
- most widely known for his theory of personality featuring a hierarchy of needs ranging from physiological needs to self actualization
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- created what many consider the first viable alternative to psychoanalysis-client centered or person centered therapy
- humanistic therapy approach to therapy features such concepts as unconditional positive regard and conditions of worth
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- an anticeptor of sognitive movement
- held that mainstream psychology did not adequately explain higher cognitive processes, especially language development
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- focusing on the study of child development
- developed stages of cognitive development
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- major contributor to the science of linguistics
- his pioneer work was a major critique to the skinnerian concept of language development and therefore helped start the 'cognitive revolution'
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- considered the central figure in moral reasoning and in moral development
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- helps promote cognitive and physiological psychology by sparking interest in neurological explanations of behavior
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- became involved in the relationship between computer and the mind in their information processing operations and capabilities focusing on the human capacity for processing information
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- Believing that cognitive issues shold be a part of psychology instead of defining it
- became spokesperson for real-world application of cognitive research
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- german philsopher/psychoogist credited with the founding of psychology as a seperate science in 1879
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- first person to study learning and memory experimentally and made important contributions to intelligence testing
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- founder of act psychology (an empahsis on mental acts and intentionally) which was an early alternative to Wundts voluntarism
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| Edward Bradford Titchener |
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- founder of structuralism
- the person responsible for bringing the experimental approach to psychology to america
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- pionner in the study of individual differences
- created a number of methodolgies such as questioners, word associations tests and correlation
- often association with the nature-nurture debate
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- sometimes referred to as the father of American psychology
- studied consciousness and emotion and had a role in founding Harvards department of psychology
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- developed the paired-associates method for studing memory, creates an influential version of self psycholog and was the first woman president of the APA
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- her child development interests led to one of Americas first nursery schools
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| Leta Stetter Hollingworth |
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- provided scientific underpinnings fr the feminist movement refuting the beginning of the school of functionalism
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- his paper 'the reflex arc concept in psychology' is often cited as marking the beginnning of the school of functionalism
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| Robert Sessions Woodworth |
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- well known for his study of motivation
- focused on how and why something is acompished whih forms motivation and is referred to as dynamic psychology
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- 'founder' of the APA (and its first president)
- the first american journal psyhcology
- the psychoogy departments at John Hopkins and Clark
- well known for his work in developmenta psychology
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- coied the term 'mental test'
- founded the Psych. Corp.
- played a key role in the school of functionalism and in the development of applied psychology
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- inventor of the intelligence test
- worked to create a battery of mental tests to identify individual differences producing the first test in 1905
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- invented an early form of the statistical technique of factor analysis
- introduced the idea that there is a general factor of intelligence ('g') as well as specific factors
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- the principles developed from his dissertation research become the foundation for modern learning theory
- he represents the transition between functionalism and behaviorism and he imspired the early american interest in applied psychoogy
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- widely known for his detailed examination, based on the conditioned reflex, of a type of learning known as Pavlovian or classical conditioning
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- considered the founde of the school of behaviorism
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- his studies of rats in mazes led to advances in learning theory, the idea of purposive (goal-oriented) behavior and the idea of cognitive maps
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- developer of the one-trial nonreinforcement theory of learning
- maintains that the SR connection develops by contiguity
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- attempted to develop a complete learning system from postultes giving rise to testable theorems and he developed the law of primary reinforcement
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| Burrhus Frederick Skinner |
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- extremist behaviorist who developed operant conditioning, schedules reinforcement, the skinner box and wrote controversial works suggesting social change based on behaviorism
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- developed social learning theory and contributed the ideas of vicarious reinforcement and self efficacy
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- social learning theorist
- most widely known for his concept of 'locus of control'-internal vs. external
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- his work on apparent movement (the phi phenomenon) led to the founding of the shcool of Gestalt psyhology
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- one of the founders of Gestalt psyhology who developed insight learning, the Gestalt answer to trial and error learning
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- A major Gestalt theorist, he applied Gestalt principes to such topics as personality, motivation, conflict and group dynamics
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