Term
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Definition
suckling 0-3 wks
weanling/starter 3-8 weeks
grower 8-12 weeks
finisher 6< |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Swine, selection criteria for mating |
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Definition
| rate of gain, conformation, # of nipples (must be able to feed at least 10 offspring) |
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Term
| Swine: pregnancy conformation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| genetic improvement, decreased risk of STI's, synchronization |
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Term
swine: gestation crates
Cal Prop 2 |
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Definition
pros: prevents fighting, economics
cons: limit normal behaviors, pressure sores, joint problems |
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Term
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Definition
-prevent crushing of piglets- #1 cause of death in sucklings
-keep piglets warm- suckling have low fat/glycogen stores and are prone to hypogycemia |
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Term
| swine: average mortality before weaning |
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Definition
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Term
| piglet starter/creep feed |
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Definition
| milk-solids based pellet ration used as in sucklings as weaning approaches |
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Term
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Definition
-3 weeks
-Piglets are "mass weaned" => synchronizes sows
- fed starter/creep feed (dried whey) for first 1-2 weeks
-then fed corn/soybean meal
- average gain 0.75 lbs/day
- mortality at this age 2-2.5% |
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Term
| swine: grower finisher operation |
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Definition
- pigs moved at 8 weeks
-grower 8-12 weeks
-finsher 12 weeks- 5.5/6 months (when they reach market weight)
-low mortality in these life stages |
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Term
| target weight gain for production pigs |
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Definition
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Term
| target weight gain for production pigs |
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Definition
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Term
| Swine: all-in/all out programs |
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Definition
- estrus synchronization
all piglets weaned at 3-4 weeks
sows return to estrus 3 days later
breed on day 1 and 3 of estrus
-use PGF2a to induce 36 hours prior to farrowing => all farrow on the same day
-immunize 1 week prior to farrowing
-high level of biosecurity |
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Term
| vax for sows/dams prior to farrowing |
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Definition
| parvo, erysipelas,rotavirus, coronavirus and possibly TGE |
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Term
| swine: farrow to finish/ "flow through system" |
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Definition
-all stages/sexes of pigs
-problem: DX TRANSMISSION |
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Term
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Definition
-sows and boars for breeding
-piglets from birth through nursery, then sold |
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Term
| swine: grow/finish operation |
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Definition
| -pigs from grower stage to market |
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Term
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Definition
| takes piglets from nursery to finisher stage |
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Term
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Definition
specific pathogen free
-high biosecurity
-shower-in, shower-out facility
-no importation of outside pigs
- to get SPF pigs- sows induces, cesarean performed, piglets raised in pathogen free environment
-SPF pigs will be very suceptable to pathogens in a non-SPF environment => should be vaccinated prior to exposure |
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Term
| swine: Ractompamine (PayLean) |
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Definition
-increases growth rate and feed efficiency
-B adrenergic agonist
-supplemented 4-5 weeks before slaughter
-only approved for marker hogs
-can be abused by producers |
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Term
| Swine: food safety issues |
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Definition
trichonella spiralis
E. Coli 01H57
Salmonella
Ascarids |
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Term
| swine: guidelines for general disinfection |
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Definition
-physically clean away all organic material
-remove 4 in topsoil
-drain standing water
-remove gates, feeders, fencing ect and wash with water and detergent
-clean manure handling equipment
-apply disinfectant
-allow contact time
-dry and remain empty for at least 3 days |
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Term
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Definition
alkaline formaldehyde for sporocytes
lye, amonia for cryptosporidia
Phenolys for TB and Johnes |
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Term
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Definition
T-100.4-102.2
P-60-90
R-10-20 |
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Term
| swine: Piglet Vital Signs |
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Definition
T-102.2-104
P-100-120
R-24-36 |
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Term
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Definition
jugular vein- for commercial pigs only
tail stick
jugular (sedated for PBP, awake commercial only)- on R side between first rib and manubrium
ear- esp in PBP while sedated- complication => risk of hematoma |
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Term
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Definition
| PGF2a on days 12 and 14 will terminate the pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
114 days
Cl dependent
can be induced with PG's |
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Term
| swine: signs of impending farrowing |
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Definition
-within:
3-4 days => vulvar swelling/engorgement
24 hours => nesting behavior/milk let-down |
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Term
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Definition
-both anterior and posterior presentation
-leave umbilicus attached, tie off with tape if necessary
-active labor less than 3hrs |
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Term
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Definition
>120 days =. increased risk
bloody, malodorous discharge => BAD
if active labor >1hr palpate vagina (and then give ABX)
-mix lidocain with lube
-can use pig snare to grasp piglets
-remove blockage, wait 30 minute, give oxytocin (lots of lube)
-can give oxytocin ever 30 min for 6-8x
-if no progress ultrasound an cesarean
-alternitively can increase dose of oxytocin by .5cc every 30 minutes until 2 cc is reached
-passing of a large placental mass indicates piglets are out |
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Term
| swine: risks of cesarean section |
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Definition
-retained placenta
-aggression towards piglets
-poor lactation |
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Term
| swine: mastitis, metritis, algalectia syndrome |
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Definition
prevention: be clean during OB procedures
avoid constipation
limit feeding pre-farrowing
decrease feed post-farrowing then gradually increase of 7 days
TX:
abx, nsaids, PGF2a in case of retained CL, manual stimulation of repro track may release oxytocin and solve agalactia |
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Term
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Definition
sow attacking piglets
more common in gilts
due to stress
get sow drunk |
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Term
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Definition
-keep warm-95-100/avoid drafts-fecal midline stains are a sign of chill/piling
-sow milk re placer for orphan/runt piglets
-day 1- place in warm box,split suckling to ensure each pig gets colostrum, feed smaller pigs first, cross-foster if needed
-day 2-5- check sows udder for lumps, check piglets are eating (full bellies), investigate reasons for underfeeding (runts, splay-legged, chillied, hypoglycemic)
- |
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Term
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Definition
| allow to walk around several times a day if possible |
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Term
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Definition
usually on day 2-3
clip needle teeth-decidous canines
dock tails- to prevent biting/infection
iron dextran shot-piglets are born Fe difficient- give IM in neck
ear notching- ID, R litter #, L individual #
castration-sx as testes are not pendulous |
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Term
| swine: Step. suis infection |
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Definition
menengitis, septicemia, polyarthritis,polysrositis and bronchopneumonia of suckling and nursery pigs
-rare in growers/adults
-widespread, mutiple serotypes
-virulence factors
-hard to ID risk factors
-infection of piglets if often via a carriers sow
-clinical signs-
death
menengitis => neuro signs-NOT episodic |
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Term
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Definition
-piglets <1wk in watery, yellow-white diarrhea
-on clin path see hemoconcentration, metabolic acidosis, lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia
-confim ddx with fecal pH (alkaline). slide agglutination test for pillus Ag, PCR, gram neg rods on SI with little or no inflamm of deep intestinal layers, IFA
-prevention: all-in/out, clean sows before farrowing, good biosecurity, vax sows (feedback vax using scours)
enteric collibacillosis
pilli for attachment
K88, 987P
ssuceptabilty gone by 1 wk age (can only attach to 1st generation enterocytes)- except K88 which can be found in nursery age pigs
-makes 2 toxins: heat stable and heat labile enterotoxins
-secretory diarrhea |
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Term
| swine: rotavirus enteritis |
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Definition
-seen in piglets 1-3 weeks
-malabsorptive diarrhea- specifically binds villi
-clin path: yellow/white diarrhea,acidic fecal pH, air bubbles in feces, metabolic & lactic acidosis,hemoconcetration, hypoglycemia
-confirm with EM (but virus may be gone from feces within 24-48 hrs),IFA on SI, ELISA or PCR on feces
preventions: "feedback vax" sows 3-6 weeks prior to farrowing, hygiene, commercial vax but must match strain on farm
-non-enveloped virus
-can persist for wks to months in the enviroment
-reservoir: dirty farrowing areas
-ubiquitous but outbreaks are rare |
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Term
| swine: TGE, coronavirus diarrhea |
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Definition
-vomiting pigs + acidic diarrhea => think TGE
-malabsorptive diarrhea
-enveloped => less durable in the environment than rota
-outbreaks more common in Fall/Winter
-TGE can occur at any age but most common in piglets 1-2 weeks
-carriers: imported pigs, starlings, flies, rodents, fomites
-specific damage to villus enterocytes
-acidic feces
-more clinically severe diarrhea, higher mortality than rota
-yellow/watery diarrhea, with TGE may have vomiting early on
-prevention- autogenous vax (piglet gI ice cubes fed to sows 2 weeks before farrowing) |
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Term
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Definition
-isospora suis (most common/pathogenic), eimeria
-malabsoptive and inflammatory diarrhea
-sporulated oocysts from enviroment
-coccidoisis in pigs is an indicator that farm hygiene needs improvement
-can be mild-severe depending on # of oocyts ingested
-severe infection can cause a true protein losing enteropathy
-ddx: fecal float BUT diarrhea can occur befor oocysts are shed => need serial floatations
-tx: all off lable, amprolium, trimethoprim-sulfa, sulmet
-prevention: hygiene, work from young to old |
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Term
| swine: clostridial enteritis |
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Definition
-clostridium type A:usually a non-pathogenic commensal
-clotridium type C- enteritis in piglets 1-5 days of age, fast onset- necrosis of gut mucosa, blood loss, toxemia, rapid onset of shock, death, hemorrhagic diarrhea |
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Term
| swine: strongyloides ransomi |
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Definition
-subclinical in adults
-diarrhea in piglets- 10-14 days
-passed from sow to piglets via colostrum
-ddx: fecal on sow, or histo to show parasites in piglets GI
-prevention: ivermectin to sow before parturition |
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Term
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Definition
-secretory: E. Coli
-Malabsorptive: Rota, TGE, mild coccidoisis
-inflammatory: clotridial, severe coccidiosis
-other- strogyloides |
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Term
| swine: vaccinate sows/gilts prior to parturition for: |
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Definition
E. Coli
C. perfringins
TGE
Rota |
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Term
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Definition
-microcyic, hypochromic anemia
-"thumps"=> breathing sounds like a drum
-signs can also be due to Cu deficiency
-OD can cause acute hepatic necrosis |
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Term
| swine: splay-leg in piglets |
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Definition
-hypoplasia of myofibrils in adductor muscles
-usually present from birth
-tx: help to suckle, tape-hobles, non-slip flooring |
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Term
| swine: health risks for nursery stage pigs |
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Definition
-decreased colostral Ab's
-naive immune system
-no longer getting IgA in milk (less protestion of orapharynx and GI)
-co-mingling of multiple litters |
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Term
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Definition
-killed bacterine, 2x, 2-3 weeks apart, first can be given during gestation and booster at weaning
vax for:
erysipelas
B. bronchiseptica
P. multocida
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by erysipelothris rhusiopathiae (gram + rod)
-well demarcated skin lesions
-tx with penecillin
-septicemia (effects multi-organ)=> setic arthritis and vegetative valvular endocarditis
-clin signs: sudden death, high fever,
- |
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Term
| swine: porcine circovirus disease |
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Definition
-nursery/grower-finisher age pigs
-PMSW= post weaning mutipsystemic wasting dx
-visible lymph node enlargement, ill thrift, failure to thrive, non-responsive to abx, group mortality of 15% plus
-enlarged kidneys with mutifocal hemorrhage
-lymphoid depletion associated PCV2 Ag or NA's in tissues
-prevention: vax reduces morbidity/mortality
- |
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Term
| swine: porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) |
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Definition
clin signs in a niave herd: late term abortion, anorexia, fever, coughing
-blue ear tips
-neurologic dx, lameness, polyarthritis and menegitis
-respiratory signs in adults in uncommon in endemic herds
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Term
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Definition
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