The vertebral foramen is the opening in the medial portion of the vertebrae. It allows the spinal cord to pass through.

Most posterior portion of the vertebrae. It is a distinct protrusion that serves as an attachment point for back muscles.

The body articulates with the vertebrae above and below it. It thus carries the majority of the weight load on the vertebral column.

The lamina is the bridge/connection between the spinous process and transverse processes

The pedicle is the connection between the transverse processes and the body of the vertebrae. It is the point of articualtion between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs

Are the facets on the most distal part of the head of the rib that articulates with the body of the vertebrae

The head of the rib is the posterior end that contains the facets to articulate with vertebrae

The tubercle is posterior on the border of the head and neck. It is the area of articulation with the transverse process of the vertebrae

The sternal end articulates with the costal cartilage and is the most anterior portion of the rib

Cartilage attached to the sternal end of ribs and the costal grooves of the sternum. It allows for the expansion of the lungs