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Supreme Court Cases
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38
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12th Grade
04/16/2012

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Term
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Definition
Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.
Term
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Definition
Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax fed. Institution; John Marshall; "the power to tax involves the power to destroy."
Term
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Definition
Established separate but equal.
Term
Schenck V. U.S. (1919)
Definition
Oliver Wendell Holmes; clear and present danger test; shouting "fire" in a crowded theater; limits on speech, esp. in wartime.
Term
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Definition
Established precedent of federalizing Bill of Rights (applying them to the states); states cannot deny freedom of speech --protected through due process clause of Amendment 14
Term
Palko v. Connecticut (1937)
Definition
Provided test for determining which parts of Bill of Rights should be federalized - those which are implicitly or explicitly necessary for liberty to exist.
Term
Brown v. Board, 1st (1954)
Definition
School segregation unconstitutional; segregation psychologically damaging to blacks; overturned separate but equal; use of 14th Amendment; judicial activism of Warren Court; unanimous decision.
Term
Brown v. Board, 2nd (1955)
Definition
Ordered schools to desegregate "with all due and deliberate speed."
Term
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Definition
Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; Warren Court's judicial activism
Term
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Definition
Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of Amendment One's establishment clause and the 14th Amendment's due process clause; Warren Court's judicial activism.
Term
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Definition
"One man, one vote." Ordered state legislative districts to be as near equal as possible in population; Warren Court's political judicial activism.
Term
Abbington v. Schempp (1963)
Definition
Prohibited devotional Bible reading in public schools by virtue of establishment clause and due process clause. Warren Court's judicial activism.
Term
Gideon v. Wainright (1963)
Definition
Ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford them in criminal proceedings. Warren Court's judicial activism in criminal rights.
Term
Wesberry v. Sanders (1963)
Definition
Ordered House districts to be as near equal in population as possible.
Term
Griswald v. Connecticut (1965)
Definition
Established right of privacy through 4th and 9th Amendments. Set a precedent for Roe v. Wade.
Term
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Definition
Established Miranda warnings of counsel and silence. Must be given before questioning. Warren Court's judicial activism in criminal rights.
Term
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
Definition
Allowed states to provide textbooks and busing to students attending private religious schools. Established 3-part test to determine if establishment clause is violated: nonsecular purpose, advances/inhibits religion, excessive entanglement with government.
Term
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Definition
Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines: no state interference in 1st, state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd, state may regulate to protect health of unborn child in 3rd. Inferred from right of privacy estab. in Griswald v. Conn.
Term
U.S. v. Nixon (1974)
Definition
Allowed for executive privilege, but not in criminal cases; "Even the President is not above the law;" Watergate.
Term
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Definition
1st Amendment protects campaign spending; legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much one spends of his own money on campaigns.
Term
U.C. Regents v. Bakke (1978)
Definition
Alan Bakke and UC Davis Medical School; strict quotas unconst., but states may allow race to be taken into account as ONE factor in admissions decisions. Bakke admitted.
Term
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1987)
Definition
More leeway for states in regulating abortion, though no overturning of Roe v. Wade.
Term
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Definition
Struck down Texas law that banned flag burning, which is a protected form of symbolic speech.
Term
Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith (1990)
Definition
States could deny unemployment benefits to a person fired for violating a state prohibition on the use of peyote even though the use of the drug was part of a religious ritual.
Term
Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)
Definition
States can regulate abortion, but not with regulations that impose "undue burden" upon women; did not overturn Roe v. Wade, but gave states more leeway in regulating abortion (e.g., 24-hour waiting period, parental consent for minors)
Term
Shaw v. Reno (1993)
Definition
No racial gerrymandering; race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts.
Term
U.S. v. Lopez (1995)
Definition
Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress' authority to regulate interstate commerce.
Term
Clinton v. NY (1998)
Definition
Banned presidential use of line item veto
Term
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Definition
Use of 14th Amendment's equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the election of 2000.
Term
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Definition
Public money can be used to send disadvantaged children to religious schools in tuition voucher programs.
Term
Ashcroft v. ACLU (2002)
Definition
Struck down a federal ban on "virtual" child pornography
Term
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Definition
Using right of privacy, struck down Texas law banning sodomy.
Term
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
Definition
Struck down use of "bonus points" for race in undergrad admissions at University of Michigan.
Term
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Definition
Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan.
Term
Kelo v. City of New London (2005)
Definition
Eminent domain case: Local governments may force the sale of private property and make way for private economic development when officials decide it would benefit the public.
Term
Gonzales v. Carhart (2007)
Definition
Upheld Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.
Term
DC v. Heller (2008)
Definition
Struck down a Washington DC ordinance that banned handguns
Term
Miller v. CA (1973)
Definition
Advertising of obscene material via mail is not protected by the first amendment.
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