Term
| For gustar verbs, the indirect object pronouns are used |
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Definition
me
te
le
nos
os
les
unless of course there is a direct object pronoun in which case you would use se (you can se lo but you can't le lo) |
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| a gustar type verb in the case of distance, time, and amount. To tell the distance one has to go to arrive at one's destination, the time left before a deadline, the amount or quantity needed to reach a certain limit or goal, etc. (A Juanito le falta una cuadra para llegar a su casa) |
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| The subjunctive mood is used in uncertainty or contrary- to fact situations. |
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Term
| A noun clause is a clause that has the same function as a noun, that is, it can be the subject or the object of the sentence |
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Definition
Ex:
El que Ramon no este aqui me molesta
(the fact that ramon is not here (Ramon's absence) bothers me)
Quiero que me ayudes (=Tu ayuda)
I want you to help me (= your help)
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Term
| An adjective or relative clause has the same function as an adjective, that is, it describes (modifies) a noun |
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Definition
EX:
necesitan empleados que haleb espanol (hispanohablantes)
They need employees who speak spanish (= Spanish - speaking)
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Term
| Adverbial clauses modify the verb as adverbs do. Likewise, they answer questions like where? how? when? |
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Definition
EX:
Te esperaré (donde?) en el lugar que me digas
I'll wait for you (where?) in the place you tell me to.
Se levantó (como?) sin que nadie lo ayudara
he got up (how?) without anyone helping him |
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Term
| The subjunctive is required in spanish in a dependent clause when the verb in the main clause indicates |
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Definition
volition, intention, wish, or preference. Some typical verbs of this type are: querer, desear, prohibir, sugerir, preferir, and aconsejar
Sandalio quiere que contemos su historia - Sandalio wants us to tell his story
Prefiero que Ud. no invite a esos senores - I prefer that you do not invites those gentlemen |
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Term
| Subjuntive is needed when the subject is different in the dependent clause from the main clause. if the subject is the same, then indicative is used |
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Definition
Sandalio quiere contar su historia - Sandalio wants to tell his story
Prefiero no invitar a esos senores - I prefer not to invite those gentlemen
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| to agree with (approve of) |
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| to have or make (someone do something) |
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| to succeed in, bring about that |
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| to ask (someone to do something) |
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| Sometimes verbs of communication like decir, telefonear, and escribir convey the idea of volition or preference. In this case... |
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Definition
the verb in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive. When the verb of communication merely introduces a face, the subjunctive is not used
Ex:
Laura dice que cambies la fecha de to viaje- Laura says for you to change the date of your trip
Laura dice que vas a cambiar la fecha de su viaje- Laura says that you are going to change to date of your trip |
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Term
| Some of the verbs listed are verbs of influence. some of them use direct object pronouns while others use indirect object pronouns. |
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Definition
EX:
Sus padres no la dejan que salga con su novio (Her parents don't let her go out with her boyfriend)
El maestro le mando que escribiera en la pizarra (the teacher asked him to write on the board) |
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Term
The subjunctive in spanish is required in a dependent clause when the verb in the main clause expresses feelings or emotion: regret, fear, pity, hope, surprise, etc.
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Definition
Ex:
Esperamos que pueda Ud. Quedarse unos dias mas
we hope you can stay a few more days
El siente mucho que ell este enferma
he is very sorry that she is sick
me soprende que hayas perdido la billetera
I am surprised that you have lost your wallet |
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Term
| If there is no change in subject then the indicative is used |
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Definition
Espero poder quedarme unos dias mas
i hope i can stay a few more days
el siente mucho estar enfermo
he is very sorry that he is sick
me sorprende haber perdido la billetera
I am surprised that i have lost my wallet |
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Term
admirar(le) (a uno)
(used like gustar verb) |
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Definition
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Term
alegrarse de, alegrar(le) (a uno)
(used like a gustar verb) |
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Definition
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Definition
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dar(le) lástima (a uno)
(used like gustar verb) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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extrañar(le) (a uno)
(like gustar verb) |
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Definition
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indignar(le) (a uno)
(like gustar verb) |
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Definition
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Definition
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molestar(le) (a uno)
(like gustar verb) |
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Definition
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preocupar(le) (a uno)
(like gustar) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| sentirse orgulloso (avergonzado) de |
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Definition
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sorprender(le) (a uno)
(like gustar) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| temer, tener miedo de, tenerle miedo a |
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Definition
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Term
When the action in the dependent clause is simultaneous with, or subsequent to, the action in the main clause...
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Definition
Present indicative (les pide)-Jaun asks them
present perfect indicative (les ha pedido)- juan has asked them
future indicative (les pedirá)- Juan will ask them
future perfect indicative (les habrá pedido)- juan has probably asked them
and Commands (pídales)-Juan, ask them
all use the present subjunctive (que vengan) |
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Term
| When the action in the dependent clause is simultaneous with, or subsequent to, the action in the main clause...(2) |
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Definition
Imperfect or preterite (les pidió (les pidía))- Juan asked (was asking) them
Pluperfect indicative (les había pedido)- Juan had asked them
Conditional (Juan les pediría)- Juan would ask them
conditional perfect (Juan les habría pedido)- Juan would have asked them
the imperfect subjunctive is used (que vinieran (viniesen) |
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Term
| When the action in the dependent clause happened before the action of the main clause.... |
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Definition
Present indicative- se alegra de- Juan is happy
Present perfect indicative- se ha alegrado de- Juan has been happy
Future indicative- se alegrará de- Juan will be happy that
future perfect indicative- se habrá alegrado de- Juan must have been happy
commands- alégrese de- Juan, be happy that
the imperfect subjunctive- que vinieran (viniesen)- that they came
or
present perfect subjunctive - que hayan venido- they have come
is used |
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Term
| When the action in the dependent clause happened before the action of the main clause.... |
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Definition
Imperfect or Preterite- Juan se alegraba (se alegró) de- Juan was happy
Pluperfect indicative- Juan se había alegrado de- Juan had rejoiced
Conditional- Juan se alegraría de- Juan would be happy
Conditional perfect- Juan se habría alegrado de- Juan would have been happy
Puperfect subjunctive is used- que hubieran (hubiesen) venido |
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Term
| The subjunctive is used in spanish when the verb in the main clause expresses doubt disbelief, uncertainty, or denial about the reality of the dependent clause |
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Definition
EX:
Dudábamosque la policia pudiera llegar a tiempo
WE doubted that the police could arrive on time
NO cree que su enfermedad tenga cura
He doesn't believe that his illness has a cure
No estoy segura de que Raquel haya cerrado la puerta
I am not sure that Raquel has closed the door
La madre negaba que su hijo hubiera roto la ventana
the mother denied that her son had broken the window |
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Term
| When there is no change in subject for the words that express doubt or uncertainty, the infinitive is used |
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Definition
EX:
dudábamos poder llegar a tiempo
we doubted we could arrive on time
No cree poder acompanarme al centro
He doesn't believe that he can accompany me downtown
No estoy segura de haber cerrado la puerta
I am not sure I closed the door |
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Term
| No creer takes on what form when the speaker is certain about the reality of the dependent verb regardless of someone elses doubt |
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Definition
Indicative
EX:
Ella no cree que yo me saqué la lotería
she doesn't believe that I won a prize in the lotter (butI, the speaker, know that I did) |
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Term
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Definition
The fact that- the word hecho in this expression is misleading. El hecho de que and its elliptic fors el que and que normally require subjunctive in the clause they introduce when the fact presented is viewed by the speaker with doubt, reservation, or some kind of emotion
EX: el hecho de que (el que, que) gasten tanto, me hace sospechar- the fact that they spend so much time together makes me suspicious |
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Term
| most verbs in the subjunctiveare found in the subordinate clause the exceptions are |
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Definition
1) commands
2) wishes expressed ellliptically
3) expressions of wish or regret preceded by Ojalá (que) or Quién
4) doubts implied in verbs preceded by quizá(s) and Tal Vez |
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Term
| wishes expressed elliptically |
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Definition
these kinds of sentences very often begin with que
Ex:
que le(s) aprovech - Bon Appetit
Que se diviertan- have a good time
Que lo haga otro- have someone else do it
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Term
| Expressions of wish or regret preceded by Ojalá (que) or quién |
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Definition
Ojalá que + subjunctive is subjunctive is used when the speaker hopes something will happen or will not happen in the future
Ojalá que pepe llame hoy- I hope Pepe calles today
Ojalá que + imperfect subjunctive expresses a wish that is impossible or unlikely to happen
Ojalá que Pepe llamara hoy- I wish Pepe would call today- difficult realization
Ojalá que + present perfect subjunctive expresses hope about the immediate past
Ojalá que pepe haya llamado- I hope Pepe has called- the speaker is not at home or for some reason doesnt know if he called or not
Ojalá que + pluperfect subjunctive refers to a wish that was not fulfilled in the past and denotes regret
Ojalá que Pepe hubiera llamado ayer- I wish (if only) Pepe had called yesterday |
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Term
| Quién + third person singular imperfect subjunctive or third person singular pluperfect subjunctive refers to |
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Definition
a wish of the speaker. Like Ojala (que), Quién + subjunctive may express either wish of impossible or unlikely realization, or regre depending on the tense used. - Quien is never used with present subjunctive
EX:
¡Quién pudiera vivir cien años! - I wish I could live for 100 years
¡Quién hubiera estado allí en ese momento! - I wish I had been there at that moment |
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Term
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Definition
both equivalent to perhaps. the subjunctive is used
EX:
Tal vez sea demasiado tarde- Perhaps it may be too late
Quizás no qieran ayudarnos- Perhaps they don't want to help us |
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Parecer mentira
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
| to seem incredible, impossible |
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ser difícil
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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ser extraño
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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ser importante
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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Ser (im)posible
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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ser (im)probable
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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Term
ser (una) lástima
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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Term
| ser necesario, ser preciso |
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Definition
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Definition
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ser urgente, urgir
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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Definition
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valer la pena
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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Term
| Impersonal expressions that indicate certainty take the indicative: |
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Definition
ser cierto
ser evidente
ser verdad
ser un hecho
estar claro
*when used negatively the above espressions often indicate uncertainty and take the subjunctive
no es cierto, no es evidente, no estar claro |
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Term
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Definition
denies reality of the main verb and is normally requires the subjunctive
EX:
no es que me guste el cafe, sino que el cafe me mantiene despierto- It is not that I like coffee, but rather that coffee keeps me awake
no era que Juan David no pudiera dejar de fumar, sino que no queria- It wasn't that Juan David wasn't able to stop smoking, but rather that he didn't want to |
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Term
| relative clauses and the subjunctive |
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Definition
| relative clauses also caleld adjectival clauses modify the mouns as an adjective would. They are most commonly introduced by the relative pronoun que. Relative cluases take either the indicative or the subjunctive according to criteria |
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Term
| The sujunctive is used in relative clauses introduced by que when the antecedent is hypothetical, nonexistent, or unknown to the speaker |
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Definition
Quiero comprar un automovil que consuma poco gasolina- I want to buy a car that uses little gas
No encontrarás aqui a nadie que esté de acuerdo contigo- you won't find anyone here who agrees with you |
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Term
| when the verb in the relative clause expresses an action or state that refers to the future or whose outcome is not known to the speaker, the subjunctive is used |
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Definition
El hará lo que le digas- He will do what you tell him to do
Le encuentre dinero al primer amigo que me encuentre- I will ask for money from the first friend that I run into
Juan David estaba dispuesto a pagar lo que le pidieran por los cigarrillos- Juan David was willing to pay whatever price they asked for the cigarettes |
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Term
| The following inderterminate expressions take the subjunctive when they refer to a hypothesis or possiblilty: they take the indicative if the user makes a statement of fact or reality: cualquiera que, Cualquier + noun + que, comoquiera que, dondequiera que |
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Definition
Cualquiera que nos ayde será recompensado- Anyone who may help us will be rewarded
El comerá cualquier comida que le sirvan- He will eat whatever food they may serve him
Dondequiera que Ud. vaya encontrará pobreza- Wherever you may go, you will find poverty
Comoquiera que lo haga lo hará bien- However he may do it, he will do it well |
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Term
| The proportionate comparisons use the first verb in the subjunctive when the speaker is referring to what is hypothetical or future; otherwise, the indicative is used |
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Definition
EX:
MIentras mas estudien, mas aprederán- the more they study, the more they will learn
Mientras menos comas, mas adelgazarás- the less you eat, the more weight you will lose
mientras menos se toque, Ud. la herida, mejor- The less you touch your wound the better
Mientras mas cerezas comas, mas querrás comer- the more cherries you eat, the more you will want to eat |
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Term
| Por + adjective or adverb + que (no matter how + adjective) is followed by the subjunctive when the speaker does not accept the thought expressed by the verb |
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Definition
Por bonita que ella sea, no la elegirán reina- No matter how pretty sher may be, they won't select her as the queen
Por mucho que te apresures, no terminarás tiempo- No matter how much you may hurry, you will not finish in time |
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Term
Que yo sepa (que sepamos), que digamos, and que diga are common idiomatic expressions in the subjunctive |
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Definition
que you sepa (que sepamos) - as far as I (we) know
que digamos- is used to stress a preceding negative statement
que diga- I mean, in the sense of I meant to say or that is
El Dr. Jordán no ha llegado todavía que yo sepa- Dr. Jordan hasn't arrived yet as far as I know
Que sepamos, no han puesto todavia las notas en la pared- as far as we know, they haven't posted the grades on the wall yet
no coopera Ud. mucho conmigo que digamos- you are not exactly cooperating with me
No nos queda mucho dinero que digamos- We don't actually have much money left
El salió a las ocho, que diga, a las seis- he left at 8, I mean, six |
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Term
cueste lo que cueste
(subjunctive always) |
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Definition
| no matter how much it may cost |
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Term
pase lo que pase
(always subjunctive) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| whether you be willing or not |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The subjunctive in adverbial cluase- adverbial clauses may procede the main clause |
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Definition
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Term
a fin de que
(subjunctive adverbial clause) |
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Definition
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Term
a menos que
(subjunctive adverbial clause) |
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Definition
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Term
a no ser que
(subjunctive adverbial clause) |
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Definition
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Term
con tal (de) que
(subjunctive adverbial clause) |
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Definition
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Term
en caso (de) que
(subjunctive adverbial clause) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| least (so that...not), in case that |
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Term
para que
(subjunctive adverbial clause) |
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Definition
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Term
sin que
(subjunctive adverbial clause) |
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Definition
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Term
| Para que and sin que are formed by combining que with the preposition para and sin respectively. WHen there is no change in subject, para and sin are not followed by que and the infinitive is used |
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Definition
le escribiriamos para remitirle el cheque- we would write him in order to send him the check
Siempre entra sin verme- he always enters without seeing me |
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Term
| the conjugations de modo que and de manera que (so that) take the subjunctive when they express purpose; when they express result they take indicative |
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Definition
EX:
el fiscal habló elocuentenente de modo que (de manera que) condenaran a indalecio- The district atorney spoke eloquently so that they would condemn Indalecio
el fiscal hablo elocuentenente de modo que condenaron a Indalecio- The district attorney spoke eloquently and because of that, they condemned Indalecio |
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Term
| The most common conjugation of concession is aunque. Aunque takes the subjunctive when it refers to an unaccomplished act or hypothesis, or when it indicates that the speaker does not believe the statement to be fact. |
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Definition
Aunque me lo jures no lo creere- Even if you swear at me, I will not believe it
Aunque hahy hecho algo malo, yo la perdonare- even if she has done something wrong, I will forgive her. |
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Term
antes (de) que
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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hasta que
(used with the verb esperar, a que)
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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Term
mientras (que)
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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Term
tan pronto (como)
(subjunctive) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
when an if clause introduceds a contrary-to-fact verb or a condition that is unlikely to take place the imperfect subjunctive is used in spanish for present or future time and the pluperfect subjunctive is used for past time
si tuviera un caballo, practicaria la equitacion- if I had a horse, I would practice horesback riding
SI ella fuese una buena actriz seria famosa- if she were a good actress she would be famous
De is sometimes used instead of si with an infinitive |
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Term
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Definition
| as if - always presents a contrary- to- fact or hypothetical situation |
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Term
Ni que + imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive
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Definition
used an an exclamitory statement and always precedes an imperfect subjunctive or pluperfect subjunctive verb
EX:
vas a salir en medio de este tormenta? Ni que estuvieras loca- are you going out in the middle of this storm? anyone would think that you are crazy |
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Term
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Definition
just in case-
present or subjunctive imperfect |
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Term
| Present perfect indicative |
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Definition
ha pedido
has perdido
han llegado
(has done something) |
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Term
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Definition
les pedirá
hablarás
llegarán
(will do something) |
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Term
| future perfect indicative |
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Definition
les habrá pedido
habrá tenido
habrá llegado
(has probably done something) |
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Term
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Definition
Pída
hable
coma
(do this!) |
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Term
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Definition
les pidió or les pedía
(did or was doing) |
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Term
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Definition
había pedido
había comido
había llegado
(had done this) |
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Term
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Definition
pediría
comería
hablaría
(would do this) |
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Term
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Definition
habría pedido
habría tenido
habría hablado
(would have done this) |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
vinieran o viniesen
comieran
hablara
tuviera
pusiera |
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Term
| present perfect subjunctive |
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Definition
haya venido
hayan comido
hayan hablado |
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Term
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Definition
hubieran venido
hubiera comido
hubiera hablado
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