Term
Was known to be a chemical in cells by the end of the nineteenth century.
Has the capacity to store genetic information.
Can be copied and passed from generation to generation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Consist of chemical units called nucleotides.
The nucleotides are joined by a sugar-phosphate backbone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The four nucleotides found in DNA differ in their nitrogenous bases. |
|
Definition
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) |
|
|
Term
| Thymine is replaced by uracil in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA has a _________ _______ shape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The model of DNA is like a rope ladder twisted into a spiral. |
|
Definition
The ropes at the sides represent the sugar-phosphate backbones.
Each wooden rung represents a pair of bases connected by hydrogen bonds. |
|
|
Term
DNA bases pair in a complementary fashion
_________ pairs with ___________
_________ pairs with ___________ |
|
Definition
Adenine (A) with Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A cell reproduces and a complete copy of the DNA must pass from one generation to the next.
Watson and Crick's model for DNA suggested that DNA replicates by a template mechanism. |
|
|
Term
| The two DNA strands are ________ _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ultraviolet light can _________ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule is ____________.
The transfer of information from RNA into a protein is _____________.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organisms __________ is its genetic makeup, the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ is the organism's physical traits, which arise from the actions of a wide variety of proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The function of a _______ gene is to dictate the production of a polypeptide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A protein may consist of _____ or ______ different polypeptides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic information in DNA is _________ into RNA then _________ into polypeptides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The language of nucleic acids in DNA is it's __________________________________ |
|
Definition
| Linear sequence of nucleotide bases. |
|
|
Term
| A typical gene consists of _________ of nucleotides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A single DNA molecule may contain _______ of genes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The result of DNA being transcribed is a(n) ______ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is then translated into a sequence of _______ _______ in a polypeptide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____________ is a triplet of bases, which codes for one amino acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The set of rules relating nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence.
Shared by all organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Of the __ triplets:
- __ code for amino acids - One of these also serves as a start codon.
__ are stop codons, indicating the end of a polypeptide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mutations may have a variety of effects on _______ _________ and ________.
Mutations provide the raw material for _________. |
|
Definition
| Protein structure, Function. |
|
|
Term
Mutations are changes in the ____ ________ of ___.
Mutations occurring in _______ hold the potential to be passed to future generations resulting in _______ _________. |
|
Definition
base sequence, DNA
Gametes, species diversity. |
|
|
Term
| The 5 mutation categories. |
|
Definition
Substitution
deletions
insertions
inversions
translocations |
|
|
Term
The effects of mutations on proteins.
These mutations in the DNA base sequence are __________ into the mRNA and __________ into a different amino acid sequence in the protein (as compared to the protein formed by a non-mutated gene) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mutations fuel _________.
Mutations are _________ _______ in the ___.
Approx. _ in __-__ eggs or sperm carry a mutation.
Most mutations are ______ or _______. |
|
Definition
Evolution
heritable changes, DNA.
1 in 10^5-10^6
harmful, neutral. |
|
|
Term
| Mutations create new ____ _________ and are the ultimate source of _______ _________. |
|
Definition
| Gene sequences, genetic variation. |
|
|
Term
| Mutant gene sequences that are beneficial may spread through a __________ and become ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ ________ is the analysis of DNA samples that can be used to determine the samples come from the same individual.
DNA profiling can therefore be used in courts to indicate if someone is guilty or innocent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA technology has led to advances in... |
|
Definition
Creation of genetically modified crops
Identification and treatment of genetic diseases |
|
|
Term
The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products.
Has been used for thousands of years to make bread using yeast and selectively breed livestock for desired traits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biotechnology today means the use of DNA technology methods for... |
|
Definition
Studying and manipulating genetic material
Modifying specific genes
Moving genes between organisms. |
|
|
Term
| ___________ ___ is formed when scientists combine nucleotide sequences (pieces of DNA) from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes through recombinant DNA technology is widely used in this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This was produced by genetically modified bacteria.
It was the first recombinant DNA drug approved by the FDA.
Is used today by more than 4 million people with diabetes.
In 1982 it was the world's first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product sold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA technology is used to produce medically valuable molecules. |
|
Definition
Human growth hormone (HGH)
The hormone EPO, which stimulates production of red blood cells.
Vaccines, harmless variants or derivatives of a pathogen used to prevent infectious diseases. |
|
|
Term
| by transferring the gene for a desired protein into a bacterium or yeast, _________ that are naturally present in only small amounts can be produced in _____ quantities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Today, DNA technology is quickly replacing traditional _____-________ programs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scientists have produced many types of ___________ ________ (__) _________, organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means. |
|
Definition
| Genetically modified (GM) organisms |
|
|
Term
| A __________ ________ contains a gene from another organism, typically of another species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the United States today, roughly __ of the corn crop and over __ of the soybean and cotton crops are genetically modified. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "______ ____" has been genetically modified (using two daffodil genes) to produce ____-________ used in our bodies to make ______ _. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Worldwide ___ million children and __ million pregnant women suffer _______ _ deficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A deficient children face a ___ greater risk of dying while the survivors face high rates of _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 2009 the FDA approved the first drug produced by livestock that has been engineered to carry a human gene. |
|
Definition
| A human anti-clotting protein collected from goats milk. |
|
|
Term
| Transgenic spider-goat hybrids produce _______-____-_____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This may eventually replace traditional animal breeding but is not currently used to produce transgenic animals sold as food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the future meat may come from livestock that receive _____ that produce larger muscles or healthy omega-3 fatty acids instead of less healthy fatty acids (already done in 2006 in pigs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are the workhorses of modern biotechnology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To work with genes in the laboratory, biologists often use bacterial ________, small, circular DNA molecules that are separate from the much larger bacterial chromosome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ can easily incorporate foreign DNA
Are readily taken up by bacterial cells
Can act as _______, DNA carriers that move genes from one cell to another.
Are ideal for ____ _______, the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA. |
|
Definition
| Plasmids, vectors, gene cloning. |
|
|
Term
| Recombinant DNA techniques can help produce biologists produce large quantities of a _______ _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This can be used to determine if two samples of genetic material are from a particular individual.
It has rapidly revolutionized the field of _________, the scientific analysis of evidence from crime scenes. |
|
Definition
| DNA profiling, forensics, |
|
|
Term
| To produce a DNA profile, scientists compare _______ _______, sequences in the genome that vary from person to person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ _________ can be used to:
Test the guilt of suspected criminals
Identify tissue samples of victims
Resolve paternity cases
Identify contraband animal products
Trace the evolutionary history of organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ is the science of studying complete sets of genes (genomes).
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The first targets of genomics were ________.
As of 2009, the genomes of nearly one thousand species have been published, including:
|
|
Definition
Bacteria
baker's yeast
mice
fruit flies
rice |
|
|
Term
In 1990 the _____ ______ _______ was a massive scientific endeavor:
To determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome
To identify the location and sequence of every gene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At the completion of the human genome project in 2004:
Over __ of the genome had been determined to __ accuracy.
__ _______ nucleotide pairs were identified.
About _____ genes were found.
About __ of the human DNA was identified as _________. |
|
Definition
99%, 99.999%
3.2 billion
21,000
98%, noncoding |
|
|
Term
| The human genome project can help map the genes for specific diseases such as ___________ _______ and __________ _______. |
|
Definition
| Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease |
|
|
Term
| ___________ ________ is the comparison of whole genomes and helps prove that our closest living relative is the chimpanzee with __ of our genome. |
|
Definition
| Comparative genomics, 96% |
|
|
Term
| The _____ _______ _______ seeks to collect information on all of the genetic variations that affect human health. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strict laboratory safety procedures have been designed to: |
|
Definition
Protect researchers from infection by engineered microbes
Prevent microbes from accidentally leaving the laboratory |
|
|
Term
| __ strains account for a significant percentage of several agriculture crops in the United States. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advocates of a cautious approach are concerned that: |
|
Definition
Crop carrying genes from other species might harm the environment
GM foods could be hazardous to human health
Transgenic plants might pass their genes to close relatives in nearby wild areas |
|
|
Term
| Requires exporters to identify GM organisms present in bulk food shipments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the United States, all projects are evaluated for potential risks by a number of regulatory agencies, including the: |
|
Definition
Food and Drug Administration
Environmental Protection Agency
National Institutes of Health
Department of Agriculture |
|
|
Term
| The human _ __________ passes essentially intact from father to son. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By comparing Y DNA, researchers can learn about the ________ of human males. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA profiling of the Y chromosome has revealed that: |
|
Definition
Nearly 10% of Irish men were descendants of Niall of the Nine Hostages, a warlord who lived during the 5th century
The Lemba people of southern Africa are descended from ancient Jews
8% of males currently living in central Asia may be descended from Genghis Khan. |
|
|
Term
| The _________ of pesticide-resistant insects is just one of the ways that evolution affects our lives. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fields of biology that are informed from evolution are... |
|
Definition
Agriculture
Medicine
Biotechnology
Conversation |
|
|
Term
| _______ ______ published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, November 24, 1859. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two main concepts Darwin presented are... |
|
Definition
Life evolves
Change occurs as a result of "descent with modification," with natural selection as the mechanism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals with other characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| A group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time changing over generations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural selection leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The genetic composition of a populations changes over time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "The Origin of Species" challenged the notion that the Earth was... |
|
Definition
Relatively young
Populated by unrelated species |
|
|
Term
| In the mid-1700s, the study of _______ began to take form as a branch of science. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Earth may be more than 6,000 years old
There are similarities between fossils and living species
Fossil forms might be ancient versions of similar living species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Similarities between organisms in the Galapagos and those in South America |
|
Definition
| Darwin was intrigued by this |
|
|
Term
| Lyell suggested that the earth... |
|
Definition
is very old
was sculpted by gradual geological processes that continue today |
|
|
Term
| Darwin's main two points in "The Origin of Species" were... |
|
Definition
Organisms inhabiting Earth today descended from ancestral species
Natural selection was the mechanism for descent with modification |
|
|
Term
The fossil record
Biogeography
Comparative anatomy
Comparative embryology
Molecular biology |
|
Definition
| Are the five lines of evidence in support of evolution |
|
|
Term
Imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past
Often found in sedimentary rocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ordered sequence of fossils as they appear in rock layers
Reveals the appearance of organisms in a historical sequence
Fits the molecular and cellular evidence that prokaryotes are the ancestors of all life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Scientists that study fossils
Have discovered many transitional forms that link past and present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of the geographic distribution of species that first suggested to Darwin that today's organisms evolved from ancestral forms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An example of biogeography |
|
Definition
| The distribution of marsupial mammals in Australia |
|
|
Term
The comparison of body structure between different species
This confirms that evolution is a remodeling process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The similarity in structures due to common ancestry
Illustrated by the remodeling of the pattern of bones forming the forelimbs of mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The remnants of features that served important functions in an organism's ancestors
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ __________ of vertebrates supports evolutionary theory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ of an organism is documented in its DNA and the proteins encoded by the DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ relationships among species can be determined by comparing _____ and ________ of different organisms. |
|
Definition
| Evolutionary, genes and proteins |
|
|
Term
| Darwin noted the close relationship between __________ to the environment and the ______ of new species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Darwin's theory of natural selection: Overproduction |
|
Definition
All species tend to produce excessive numbers
Leading to a struggle for existence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Variation exists among individuals in a population
Much of this variation is heritable |
|
|
Term
Mutations changes in the DNA of an organism
Sexual recombination, the shuffling of alleles during meiosis |
|
Definition
| Is the result from genetic variation |
|
|
Term
| Those individuals with traits best suited to the local environment generally leave a larger share of surviving, fertile offspring. |
|
Definition
| Inference:differential reproductive success (natural selection) |
|
|
Term
Pesticide-resistant insects
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Drug-resistant strains of HIV |
|
Definition
| Are all examples of natural selection |
|
|
Term
| The ______ _________ is the fusion of genetics with evolutionary biology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Not all variation in a population is heritable.
Only the genetic component of variation is relevant to natural selection |
|
Definition
| Genetic variation in populations |
|
|
Term
| Variable traits in a population may be _________, resulting from the combined effects of several genes or determined by a ______ gene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polygenic traits tend to produce __________ that vary more or less continuously. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ gene traits tend to produce only a few distinct phenotypes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mutations, changes in the DNA of an organism
Sexual recombination, the shuffling of alleles during meiosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For any ___ gene, mutation alone has little effect on a large _________ in a single generation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ with very short generation spans, such as ________, can evolve rapidly with mutations as the only source of genetic variation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gene pool is a reservoir from which the next __________ draws its genes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ in a gene pool occur in certain frequencies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A generation-to-generation change in a population's frequencies of alleles is called ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Natural selection |
|
Definition
| Are the main causes of evolutionary changes |
|
|
Term
| A change in the gene pool of a small population, and due to chance is _______ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The drastic reduction in population size is known as the __________ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bottlenecking in a population usually _______ genetic variation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a few individuals colonize an isolated habitat and represent genetic drift in a new colony this is known as the _______ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The founder effect explains the relatively ___ _________ of certain inherited _________ among small human population. |
|
Definition
| high frequency, disorders |
|
|
Term
| The genetic exchange with another population that tends to reduce genetic differences between populations is know as ____ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
