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| all matter is composed of atoms, which can not change their basic properties. |
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| a theory that the universe came into existence due to a cosmic explosion that hurled matter in all directions. |
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| suggests the universe has always been the way we see it. |
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| the slow change in a population of living things over many generations. |
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| Theory of Natural Selection |
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| Organisms that are best suited to the environment will survive and reproduce and pass on these (physical) characteristics. Those within the organism that have characteristics not suited to the environment will become extinct. |
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| Evolution by Acquired Characteristics |
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| Once an animal acquires a skill by responding to the environment, when they reproduce the next generation will automatically have their parent’s skills. Known to be false as skills are not passed through genes. |
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| made from the deposition of sediments. |
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| a break in the rock layers. |
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| form when rock layers are squashed. Arch-shaped = anticlines & U-shaped = synclines. |
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| magma can be intruded into cracks in existing rocks |
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| The remains of an organism that lived in the past, which was preserved in the earth. |
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| solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle. |
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| total inhabitable area of land, air and water. |
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| part of the Earth or its atmosphere in which water or water vapor is found. |
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| layer of the mantle that lies directly below the lithosphere. Crustal movement is found here |
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| A place where two or more tectonic plates meet and interact. |
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| areas where plates move toward each other and collide. |
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| are areas where plates move away from each other, this creates new crust |
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| occur when tectonic plates slide and grind against each other along a transform fault. This movement along the transform faults causes earthquakes. |
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| A molecule that contains all the genetic information needed to make another copy of us. It is made up of many nucleotides joined links in a chain. |
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| the basic components that make up a DNA molecule. Made of the sugar deoxyribose, phosphoric acid, and a nitrogenous base. The bases join on to each other, A to T and C to G. The order of the bases determines the genetic code. |
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| genetic material that transcribes DNA's instructions and translates instruction into construction of protein. |
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| An even longer length of DNA, with many genes. |
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| the application of scientific knowledge and use of biotic resources for industrial, medical or commercial purposes. |
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| improved food products, medical advances, and an advanced environment. |
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| to artificially breed certain types of animals or plants to obtain a frequent or stronger desired species. |
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| where the genetic material is altered in a living thing. Programs the cells to produce chemicals that they wouldn’t normally produce. |
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| method used to insert new genes into a totally different organism. |
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| organisms that have received some DNA from other types of living things. |
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| injecting a healthy gene into some HUMAN cells. |
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| process where a genetically identical organism is made |
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| using biological processes to solve environmental problems. |
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| natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials. |
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| mass of all the living things in the environment |
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| number of waves in a certain time. Measured in hertz (Hz) |
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| how particles move to and fro in the same direction. |
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| a wave that moves at right angles. The particles move at right angles as the wave travels past them. |
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| a wave that moves energy forward. |
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| waves that do not seem to move anywhere. They are caused by identical waves moving in opposite directions. |
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| Infrasound (below range of human hearing) to Ultrasound (above range of human hearing). |
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Ultrasound: high frequency sound waves. Doctors use it to view unborn children. Echolocation: Allows dolphins to figure out how far a fish is for food. They do this by sending echolocation waves in the water.
Sonar: Determines the depth of water, and the location of shoals and fish wrecks. |
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| travel where there are no substances and no particles. They all travel at the speed of light. |
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| the range of all the different electromagnetic waves. |
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| Order of electromagnetic spectrum |
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| Gamma rays --> X-rays --> Ultraviolet --> Visible light --> Infrared radiation --> Microwaves --> TV and Radio |
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| The bending or spreading of waves when they meet an obstruction. |
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| elements that have the same number of protons & electrons BUT can vary in no. of neutrons |
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| number of protons + neutrons |
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| number of protons or electrons |
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| When atoms lose or gain electrons. These form in order to give atoms completely full outermost electron shells. Metallic = postive. Nonmetallic = negative. |
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| acid + base --> salt + water |
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| metal + water + oxygen --> metal oxide + water |
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| organic substance + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water |
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| the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE goes along the bottom & the DEPENDENT VARIABLE goes up the side |
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| assumption (conclusion) based on an observation. |
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| degree of pathogenicity of a microbe. |
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| Systems of the human body |
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Definition
• Circulatory System (heart, blood, vessels)
• Respiratory System (nose, trachea, lungs)
• Immune System (many types of protein, cells, organs, tissues)
• Skeletal System (bones)
• Excretory System (lungs, large intestine, kidneys)
• Urinary System (bladder, kidneys)
• Muscular System (muscles)
• Endocrine (hormonal) System (glands)
• Digestive System (mouth, esophageus, stomach, intestines)
• Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
• Reproductive System (male and female reproductive organs) |
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| a measure of the number of electrons that flow in a given time. |
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| Potential difference (voltage) |
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| measures the difference in volts between two places in the circuit. |
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| measure of how hard it is for electrons to move through the wire. |
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| the combination of all the forces that act on an object |
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| microbes that are harmful and cause diseases. |
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| Newton's first law of motion |
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Definition
| An object will continue with constant speed unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. |
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| Newton's second law of motion |
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Definition
| The size of the acceleration increases with the force and decreases with the mass. |
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| Newton's third law of motion |
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Definition
| For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
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