Term
| What are the studies for offender profiling? |
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Definition
-Douglas (organised and disorganised groups)
-Canter (Validity of groups)
-Landrigan and Canter (geographical analysis of murders)
-Pinizzotto (evaluated effectiveness of offender profiling) |
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Term
| What are the studies for theories of offending? |
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Definition
-Sheldon (body shape and criminality)
-Lombroso (atavistic features)
-Grove (antisocial behaviour in twins)
-Raine (Brain volume in APD sufferers)
-Mednick (Danish adoption study)
-Backburn (psychodynamic causes of offending)
-Farrington (Longitudinal study of delinquents)
-McGurk |
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Term
| What are the studies for Custodial sentencing an alternatives? |
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Definition
-Zimbardo (Fake prison study)
-Sherman (restorative justice study)
-Cassidy (tagging) |
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Term
| What are the studies for treatment programs? |
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Definition
-Cullen (Token economy)
-Cohen and Filipczak (long term effect of token economy)
-Ireland (anger managemnnt)
-Howells (anger management - effort) |
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Term
| What is the Douglas study? |
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Definition
| Distinguished between disorganised and organised offenders |
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Term
| What is the Douglas study for? |
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Definition
| The typology approach to offender profiling |
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Term
| What is the Canter study? |
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Definition
-Tested validity of categories
-Studied 100 crimes for co-occurrence of 36 characteristics
-found most murders were organised and disorganised characteristics were too rare for it to be considered a type |
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Term
| What is the Canter study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Organised and disorganised categories for the typology approach to offender profiling |
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Term
| What is the Lundrigan and Canter study? |
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Definition
Geographical study of 120 murders in US
-Distances between body disposal site and offenders home taken
-Found that offenders home is geographically central in the crime and each body disposal site is in a different direction to the last |
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Term
| What is the Lundrigan and Canter evidence for study? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Pinizzotto study? |
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Definition
evaluated effectiveness of offender profiling
-Participants, including trained police officers, clinical psychologists and students, given previously solved cases to profile
-trained profilers produced more accurate profilers but not significantly better |
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Term
| What is the Pinizzotto study evidence for? |
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Definition
| The typology approach to offender profiling |
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Term
| What is the Sheldon study? |
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Definition
Body shape and criminality are linked
-criminals and non criminals rated for mesomorphy from 1-7
-average for non criminals 3.8
-criminals 4.6 |
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Term
| What is the Sheldon study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Early biological theory of offending - body type |
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Term
| What is the Lombroso study? |
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Definition
| Criminals have atavistic features that are primitive and are inherited |
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Term
| What is the Lombroso study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Early biological explaination of offending - Atavistic form |
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Term
| What is the Grove study into the heireditary exmplaination of offending (APD)? |
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Definition
| 31 sets of MZ twins interviewed for antisocial behaviour. -found 29% concordance |
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Term
| What is the Grove study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Biological explanation of offending |
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Term
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Definition
Compared brain volume of APD sufferers and non sufferers.
-reduced volume of grey matter for the APD sufferers |
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Term
| What is the Raine study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Biological explaination of offending |
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Term
| What is the Mednick study into the heireditary cause of offending (adoption)? |
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Definition
| Danish adoption study of 14,000 children -compared adoptees with adoptive and biological parents -found if raised by non criminal parents but had criminal biological parents - 20% offenders -if raised by criminal parents but had non criminal biological parents - 13% offenders |
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Term
| What is the Mednick study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Biological explanation of offending |
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Term
| What is the Blackburn study? |
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Definition
-suggested psychodynamic explanation of offending
-weak/deviant/over harsh superego |
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Term
| What is the Blackburn study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Psychodynamic explaination of offending |
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Term
| What is the Farrington study (longitudinal) into social causes of offending? |
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Definition
| Longitudinal Cambridge study of delinquents -441 boys studied from age 8-50 -Recorded details of parents, schooling and convictions -Found that 41% had convictions and this was attributed to family criminality, poverty and low school achievement |
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Term
| What is the Farrington study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Social learning theory of offending |
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Term
| What is the McGurk study? |
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Definition
100 delinquent students and 100 control students completed Eysenck's personality inventory
-Delinquent group showed higher combination of psychoticism, extroversion and neuroticism |
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Term
| What is the McGurk study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Eysenk's theory of the criminal personality |
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Term
| What is the Zimbardo study? |
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Definition
Fake prison study
-students randomly allocated to role of prisoner or guard
-guards given no specific instructions on how to run the prison
-experiment stopped after 6 days due to extreme abnormal reactions of prisoners (rebellion, depression) |
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Term
| What is the Zimbardo study evidence for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Sherman study? |
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Definition
Compared data from 36 studies of restorative justice
-found repeat offending was substantially reduced compared to prison and also positive effects for victim (less PTSD) |
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Term
| What is the Sherman study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Alternatives to custodial sentencing - restorative justice |
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Term
| What is the Cassidy study? |
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Definition
Studied tagging data and interviewed 315 tagged offenders
-7% decrease in breaches of bail for persistent offenders
-offenders said tag gave them excuse to stay out of trouble |
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Term
| What is the Cassidy study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Alternatives to custodial sentencing - tagging |
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Term
| What is the Cullen study? |
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Definition
Boys in offenders institution reinforced using tokens
-showed more positive behaviours during study |
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Term
| What is the Cullen study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Alternatives to custodial sentencing - token economy |
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Term
| What is the Cohen and Filipczak study? |
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Definition
Compared two groups of young male prisoners,
-one group received tokens that could be exchanged for phone calls, visits
-token economy group showed more desirable behaviour and was less likely to reoffend after 1-2 years
-after 3 years there was no difference between the two groups |
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Term
| What is the Cohen and Filipczak study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Alternatives to custodial sentencing - token economy |
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Term
| What is the Ireland study into anger management? |
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Definition
| 50 prisoners given pre and and post anger management score and compared to 37 controls who didn't receive treatment -program involved 12 one hour sessions over 3 days -assessed on 29 problem behaviours and self reports -92% improved on at least one measure -42% improvement on both measures |
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Term
| What is the Ireland study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Alternatives to custodial sentencing - anger management programme |
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Term
| What is the Howells study? |
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Definition
200 violent make offenders assessed before and after anger management and compared to a control group
-The programme consisted of techniques to help them understand and control their anger, change negative thoughts, express anger assertively and develop positive relationships
-overall impact of programmes was small
-offenders with most motivation showed greatest benefit |
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Term
| What is the Howells study evidence for? |
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Definition
| Alternatives to custodial sentencing - anger management programme |
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