Term
Canter
-Tested ____________
-Studied ___ crimes for co-occurrence of __ characteristics
-found most _______ were _________ and ____________ characteristics were too rare for it to be considered a type |
|
Definition
validity of categories
100
36
murders
organised
disorganised |
|
|
Term
Lundrigan and Canter
-___________ study of ___ murders in US
-Distances between ________ site and offenders home taken
-Found that offenders home is geographically _______ in the crime and each body disposal site is in a different direction to the last |
|
Definition
Geographical
120
body disposal
central |
|
|
Term
Pinizzotto
-evaluated effectiveness of _______________
-Participants, including trained _____________, clinical ___________ and ________, given previously solved cases to profile
-trained profilers produced ____ accurate profilers but not significantly ______ |
|
Definition
offender profiling
police officers
psychologists
students
more
better |
|
|
Term
Sheldon
-________ and _________ are linked
-criminals and non criminals rated for ________ from _-_
-average for non criminals ___
-criminals ___ |
|
Definition
Body shape
criminality
mesomorphy
1 7
3.8
4.6 |
|
|
Term
Grove
-__ sets of __ twins interviewed for _________________.
-found __% concordance |
|
Definition
31
MZ
antisocial behaviour
29 |
|
|
Term
Raine
-Compared brain volume of ___ sufferers and non sufferers.
-_______ volume of ____ matter for the APD sufferers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mednick
-Danish adoption study of _____ children
-compared adoptees with adoptive and biological parents
-found if raised by non criminal parents but had criminal biological parents - __% offenders
-if raised by criminal parents but had non criminal biological parents then - __% offenders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Farrington
-__________ Cambridge study of delinquents
-___ boys studied from age _-__
-Recorded details of p______, s________ and c__________
-Found that __% had convictions and this was attributed to family criminality, _______ and low school achievement |
|
Definition
Longitudinal
441
8-50
parents
Schooling
convictions
41
poverty |
|
|
Term
McGurk
-___ delinquent students and ___ control students completed _________ personality inventory
-Delinquent group showed higher combination of psychoticism, ____________ and ___________ |
|
Definition
100
100
Eysenck's
extroversion
neuroticism |
|
|
Term
Zimbardo
-Fake prison study
-________ randomly allocated to role of prisoner or guard
-guards given no specific instructions on how to run the prison
-experiment stopped after _ days due to extreme ________ reactions of prisoners (rebellion, __________) and guards (_____________) |
|
Definition
students
6
abnormal
depression
dehumanisation |
|
|
Term
Sherman
-Compared data from __ studies of _____________
-found _______ was substantially _______ compared to prison and also ________ effects for victim (less ____) |
|
Definition
36
restorative justice
recidivism
PTSD
reduced
positive |
|
|
Term
Cassidy
-Studied _______ data and interviewed ___ ______ offenders
-_% decrease in breaches of bail for _________ offenders
-offenders said tag gave them excuse to stay out of trouble |
|
Definition
Tagging
315
Tagged
7
persistent |
|
|
Term
Cullen
-Boys in offenders institution reinforced using ______
-showed ____ positive behaviours during study |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cohen and Filipczak
-Compared ___ groups of ______ male prisoners
-one group received tokens that could be exchanged for _________, visits
-token economy group showed ____ desirable behaviour and was _____ likely to _______ after _-_ years
-after _ years there was no difference between the two groups |
|
Definition
two
young
phone calls
more
less
reoffend
1-2
3 |
|
|
Term
Ireland
-__ prisoners given pre and and post anger management score and compared to __ controls who didn't receive treatment
-program involved __ one hour sessions over _ days
-assessed on __ problem behaviours and self reports
-__% improved on at least one measure
-__% improvement on both measures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Howells
-___ violent male offenders assessed before and after ____________ and compared to a control group
-The programme consisted of techniques to help them _______________ their anger, change __________, express anger __________ and develop _____________
-overall impact of programmes was _____
-offenders with most __________ showed greatest benefit |
|
Definition
200
anger management
understand and control
negative thoughts
assertively
positive relationships
small
motivation |
|
|
Term
Lorenz
-Geese _______ (form an attachment _______) within the first _____ after hatching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Harlow
-Separated Rhesus _______ used _____ mother as safe base over mother with ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Schaffer
-__________ study of __ infants from _-__ months. __________ behaviours monitored |
|
Definition
Longitudinal
60
0-18
Separation |
|
|
Term
Ainsworth
-________ situation -__________________ of reactions of baby when mother leaves and when they are left with a ________ |
|
Definition
Strange
controlled observation
stranger |
|
|
Term
Van Ijzendoorn
-Meta-analysis of strange situation in _ countries
-_______ attachment type is universally most common but there are cultural ___________ in other styles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Melzoff and Moore
-Babies of only a few days/weeks old will _______ adult behaviour |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Murray and Trevarthen
-Observation of a mother interacting with their child. When the mother stops interacting the child becomes __________ and try to _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Robertson and Robertson
-Babies separated from their mothers due to _____________ were studied. They were found to have the same pattern of behaviour - ______, ______, __________ |
|
Definition
Hospitalised
Protest
Despair
Dettachment |
|
|
Term
Bowlby
-__ delinquent thieves compared with other juveniles with _______________.
__/44 had affectionless psychopathy
__/44 had experienced separation from mothers in first ___ years of life |
|
Definition
44
emotional problems
14
12
two |
|
|
Term
Goldfarb - Study of __________
-__ children raised in ____________ from _ months to _._ years compared to matched children who went straight into ______ ______.
At age _, __ and __, institutionalised group ______________ in __ tests |
|
Definition
Deprivation
institutions
15
6 3.5
foster homes
3 10 14
underperformed
IQ |
|
|
Term
Tizard and Hodges
-Ex _____________ children who had been _______ or ___________ were compared.
Adopted children did ______ but both had difficulties forming _____________ with peers |
|
Definition
institutional
adopted
returned to parents
better
relationships |
|
|
Term
Curtiss
-Studied _____
-severely ________ and neglected
-never properly recovered
-_________ skills never developed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kolochova
-Studied ______ twins
-kept in cellar by stepmother for _ years
-No ________ ____ term effects
-so poor early circumstances can be successfully overcome
-Different to _____ because they were ________ during neglect |
|
Definition
Czech
5
negative
long
Genie
together |
|
|
Term
Rutter - study of ________
Studied ___________ who had very poor institutional care before being adopted in UK
-Children adopted before _ months old had no negative effects
-Children adopted between _ and __ months had IQs that were __ points lower
-Children adopted between __ and __ months had IQs that were __ points lower |
|
Definition
Privation
Romanian orphans
6
6 24
15
24 42
25 |
|
|
Term
Selman and Jaquette
-Interviews of ___ _-__ year-olds
-_ stages of friendship identified
_-_ - __________
_-_ - ___________
_-__ - _____________
_-__ - ________________
__-__ - _______________ |
|
Definition
225
4-32
5
3 7 play together
4 9 some help given
6 12 Reciprocal help
9 15 Intimacy and sharing
12 adult Interdependency |
|
|
Term
Bigelow and La Gaipa
-_______________ of children's (aged _-__) stories about friendships
-_ stages of friendship identified
_-_ - ______/____ (friend lived ______ and has common ______)
_-__ - _________ (friends with those who share _______)
__-__ - __________ (____________ and sharing _______________) |
|
Definition
content analysis
6 14
3
7 8 Reward Cost lives nearby tastes
9 10 Normative values
11 12 Empathetic understanding info about self |
|
|
Term
Beneson
-Looked at social networks of friendships using ________/__________ with children
-Boys have more _________ networks and interested in ___________
-Girls have _______, more ________ cliques and focus on _________ relationships |
|
Definition
sociogram interviews
extensive group status
smaller intimate
Two person |
|
|
Term
Lever
-Interviewed __ year olds about friendship attitudes
-Girls like ______________
-Girls openly show _________
-Girls worry about _______________
-Girls share _________, boys share _________
-Girls ____ likely to let someone else into the group |
|
Definition
10
single best friend
affection
friendship ending
personal infogroup rules
less |
|
|
Term
Dodge
-Observed _ year olds playing a game involving _______________
-Popular children watched and waited to join in, making ________________ about the group, are ___________ and interact a ___ with others
-________ children __________ and ________ game, are ____________, _________ and don't co-operate
-Rejected children don't play in _______________ ways |
|
Definition
5
others joining in
positive statements
co-operative
lot
Rejected
interrupted disrupted
argumentative talkative
socially appropriate |
|
|
Term
Vaughn and Langlois
-Studied __ pre-school children using __________
-Significant ___________ between ratings of physical attractiveness and popularity (most noticeable for girls) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kupersmidt and Coie
-_ year longitudinal study of ___ children
-Children identified as ________ at age __:
__% more likely to truant/drop out from school at 18
__% more likely to be in trouble with police at 18
-__________ as a child is best predictor of negative outcomes |
|
Definition
7 112
Rejected 11
15
30
aggression |
|
|
Term
Schuckit
-___ males aged __ given alcohol challenge.
-__% of sons of alcoholics and __% of sons of non alcoholics reported low intoxication
-10 years later alcoholism found in __% of sons reporting low intoxication and __% of sons reporting high intoxication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Croniger
-Alcohol abuse levels taken from biological father and adoptive father of ____ Swedish male adoptees, then saw if adoptees abused
-If bio father abused - __% did
-If bio father didn't abuse - _% did
Highest percentage with both fathers abused |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
McGue
-Used DSMIII for alcohol abuse/dependence
Concordance rates:
-Male MZ - __%
-Female MZ - __%
-Male DZ - __%
-Female DZ - __% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Morgernstern
-____ alcohol abusers interviewed and _______ assessed
-___ associated with severe symptoms of __________ |
|
Definition
300+
APD
personality
alcoholism |
|
|
Term
Fabrega
__% of ___ sufferers abuse _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Shedler and Block
-An __________ on others is a consequence of parents who ____ to _______ the child's _____. People are substituted for _____ to get _______. |
|
Definition
over reliance
Fail
Satisfy
Needs
Drugs
Comfort |
|
|
Term
Garnier and Stein
-Longitudinal study where ___ children and _________ interviewed and family, peers and relationships studied.
-Best predictor of abuse was _______ ____ behaviour |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bricker
-Examined smoking transitions in ____ __-__ year olds
-Peers had most influence on ________ smoking
-_______ had most influence on progression of smoking (whether they abused or not) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Wiens and Menustik
-___ people treated with ______ (chemical that causes nausea)
-First __ months - __% stopped drinking alcohol
-_ years later - __% alcohol free |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Higgins
-_______ abusers treated with ___________ training for _ months
-__% that completed programme lasted at least _ _____ without using |
|
Definition
Cocaine
contingency
6
68
8
weeks |
|
|
Term
Hser
-____ adolescents aged __-__ treated for ________ abuse using individual and group counselling, family therapy, skills training and 12 step programmes
-Use decreased from __% to __%
-Grades increased from __% to __%
-Illegal acts decreased from __% to __%
-Self esteem _________ |
|
Definition
1167
11 18
Cannabis
80 40
53 80
76 53
increased |
|
|
Term
Botvin
-____ teens put in programme about negative effects of _____ ________ and given information about the norms of the abuse and compared with a control group
-Binge drinking decreased by __% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Drummond
-People were identified as at risk of having alcohol problem if they _________ and were invited to a clinic to discuss the abuse
-__% attended clinic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 lectures given on _________ designed to cause ____, (strong, medium and weak).
-Strong group generated _______ anxiety and rated as interesting but led to least change in dental behaviour
-Weak resulted in _______ change in behaviour |
|
Definition
tooth decay
fear
highest
biggest |
|
|
Term
Cuijpers
-_____________ programme in Dutch _______. Some delivered programme and some didn't and substance abuse rates were compared.
-Those who did programme reported drinking ___________ but had ______ rates of ________ use |
|
Definition
Social inoculation
Schools
less alcohol
higher cannabis |
|
|
Term
_ DARE projects were compared with __ more or less interactive programmes and students were tested on their knowledge, _________, social skills, self-esteem, involvement with police and drug use
-DARE had ____ effect on knowledge and social skills but _____ effect on drug use - biggest changes were for ______
-DARE was more effective over non interactive programmes but less effective than more interactive programmes |
|
Definition
8
25
attitudes
most
least
Smoking |
|
|
Term
Moher
-A work based programme to stop employees ______ was carried out.
-Whole workforce based programme did little to reduce smoking
-Competition and __________ based schemes _________ individual's attempts to stop smoking |
|
Definition
smoking
incentives
increased |
|
|
Term
Gromel
-Australian _________ crews were monitored when a _________ was put in place
-___________ showed ____ smoking after ban
-____________ reports showed smokers were finding other times and places to smoke |
|
Definition
ambulance
smoking ban
Self reports less
Physiological |
|
|
