Term
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Definition
| A physiologist who first described the fight or flight response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Endocrinologist that came up with the General Adaptation Syndrome. |
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Term
| Simoens, Wolff, Leshan, Engel, Friedman and Rosenman, and Simonton |
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Definition
Simoens- related evolution to psychosomatic disease
Wolff,Leshan,Engel- studied illness, disease
Friedman & Roseman- identified relationship between stress and Coronary Heart Disease
Simonton- imagery and cancer therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Stages in which our body reacts to a stimulus. Alarm Reaction, Stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion. |
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Term
Stress Theory
(Life events theory, Hardiness theory, Social support theory) |
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Definition
Life event theory- situation requires more resources than are available
Hardiness Theory- one’s attitude toward the events determines stress
Social support theory- insufficient social support for responding to event |
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Term
| Hans Selyve's definition of Stress and stressor(Eustress and Distress) |
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Definition
Stress- The nonspecifc response of the body to any demand made upon it. (e.g., increases is BP, HR, perspiration, respiration, serum cholesterol, muscle tension)
Stressor-Any demand, stimulus, situation that requires adaptation or adjustment (traffic jam, crossing a busy street examples)
Types of stressors:
Eustress- good things to which one has to adapt and that can lead to the stress response.
Distress-bad things to which one has to
adapt and that can lead to a stress reaction. |
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Term
Stress reactivity(fight or flight response)
Chronic and Acute Response |
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Definition
All effects are based on frequency (F), duration (D) and intensity (I) of one’s
physiological reaction.
Chronic:High F and D, low I
Acute: Low F and D, High I |
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Term
| Stressor Classicfications |
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Definition
Cataclysmic- disasters
Personal- major lifetime events
Background(major stressors)- physical/environmental, social/ organizational, interpersonal, self-talks |
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Term
Strains
what are the three types? |
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Definition
Strains are the outcomes of re-activity.
Three types are Physical,Psychological, and behavioral |
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Term
| Gender differences in reactivity |
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Definition
Females: Exhibit nuturing activities and use more social groups than males.
Males: More fight or flight response |
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Term
| Goals for stress management |
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Definition
• Do not eliminate all stress
• Use as a motivator for peak performance
• Stress can be useful, stimulating, and welcome
• Limit harmful effects |
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Term
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Definition
| stress or arousal can actually increase performance |
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Term
| Relationship between stress and illness |
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Definition
| The relationship between stress and illness is a complex one. Illness may result from too little stress, just as it might from too much stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has two major components the cerebral cortex(thinking functions) and subcortex( physiological processes) |
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Term
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Definition
Includes the Limbic System (“seat of
emotions”)
– Thalamus
– Hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
The hypothalamus activates the following under a stress response:
– Autonomic nervous system
•Immediate fight-or-flight response
– Endocrine system
•Short-term and long-term stress response |
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Term
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Definition
CNS – Central Nervous System
– Brain and Spinal Cord
PNS – Peripheral Nervous System
– Afferent System and Efferent System |
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Term
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Definition
Two systems working together during immediate stress:
– Sympathetic (responsible for expending energy)
– Parasympathetic (responsible for conserving energy) |
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Term
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Definition
Includes glands that secrete hormones
• Hormones travel through the blood stream
• These hormones change function of bodily tissues |
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Term
| Major endocrine galands and hormones |
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Definition
Hypothalamus- Epinephrine and nor epinephrine
Pineal gland- melatonin
Pituitary gland- Vasopressin, Oxytocin
Parathyroid gland- parathyroid hormone
thyroid- thyroxin
thymus- thymosin
adrenal gland- cortisol,adrenalin
pancreas- insulin
ovary- testosterone,estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes two catecholamines: epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) |
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Term
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Definition
• Influenced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
• Adrenal cortex secretes corticoids:
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
– Primary glucocorticoid is cortisol – Primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone
• Cortisol provides fuel for “fight-or-flight” action
• Aldosterone increases blood pressure to prepare
for action |
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Term
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Definition
• Influenced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
• Thyroid gland secretes thyroxin
• Increases the following:
– basal metabolic rate
– free fatty acids
– gluconeogenesis
– gastrointestinal motility
– respiration
– heart rate
– blood pressure
– anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
• Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH) are
produced by the pituitary gland
– Vasopressin acts on the kidneys to decrease urine production via water retention
– Oxytocin increases contraction of the walls of blood vessels
• Together, these two changes will increase blood pressure |
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Term
| The Cardiovascular system |
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Definition
• Transports blood to cells and organs
• Stress on the circulatory system may cause release of oxytocin and vasopressin
– Both can constrict blood vessels, leading to increased blood pressure
• Heart responds with increased force of contraction
• Cholesterol and free fatty acids increase risk of
heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
• Responsible for digestion
• Stress reduces saliva production
• Increases hydrochloric acid production
– Constricts blood vessels that can reduce the gastric mucus that protects the stomach lining – small fissures (ulcers) may develop in stomach lining (textbook)
– Note: Stress does not cause ulcers – major cause is H. Pylori (bacterial infection)
• Stress may alter rhythmic movement
(peristalsis) of food, leading to bowel distress (e.g., diarrhea and constipation) and diseases (pancreatitis and irritable bowel syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
• Stress results in tensing, known as
“bracing” (often, we don’t realize we are bracing)
– Term: Uptight
– Common areas: back, shoulders, forehead, jaw
• Leads to the development of muscle
pain and aches
• Types of muscle
– Cardiac – Skeletal – attached to bones – Smooth – control the contraction of
internal organs, blood vessel walls |
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Term
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Definition
• The stress response causes:
– Increased perspiration – this increases the electrical conduction of the skin (measured by a galvanometer -- called the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) – type of biofeedback); Can be a part of a lie detector test
– Surface temperature of the skin to decrease (nor-epinephrine constricts blood vessels of the skin, e.g., colder fingers/toes, skin can appear pale due vasoconstriction)
• Term – Cold feet; Nervous, stressed people described
as cold, clammy, and pale
• Mood rings and Stress dots (measure skin temp) |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychosomatic disease involves the mind and the body; it is a real disease, not “just in the mind” (psyche for mind; soma for body) |
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Term
| What are the two types of psychosomatic disease? |
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Definition
Psychogenic-(physical disease is caused by emotional stress)
Somatogenic-(mind increases body’s susceptibility to some diseases) |
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Term
| Stress and serum cholestrol |
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Definition
Studies show that one’s perception of a stressful situation can increase serum cholesterol levels (example of the mind changing the physiology – psychogenic disease)
– Tax accountants
– Medical students
– Military pilots
– Super Bowl deaths from heart disease (increased when team lost versus won) |
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Term
Blood Pressure
(Systolic and Diastolic) |
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Definition
The amount of pressure
exerted by arterial walls.
Systolic- the pressure of the blood as it leaves the heart.
Diastolic- the pressure of the blood against the arterial walls when the heart is relaxed. |
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Term
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Definition
• Excessive pressure of blood against the walls of arteries
• Ruptured arteries to the heart can result in a myocardial infarction(heart attack)
• Ruptured arteries to the brain can cause a cerebral hemorrhage (stroke)
90% of hypertension is termed Essential Hypertension (no known cause) |
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Term
| Contributing factors to high blood pressure |
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Definition
• Genetics
• Poor diet (obesity)
• Cigarette smoking
• Lack of exercise
• High sodium intake
• Stress |
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Term
| Coronary Heart Disease (Atherosclerosis, Arteriosclerosis) |
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Definition
• Heart attacks kill more Americans than any other single cause of death
Atherosclerosis- Clogging of the arteries.
Arteriosclerosis- Loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
• Cuts in the walls of the stomach or
intestines
• During stress, norepinephrine causes
capillaries in the stomach to constrict – thus, a decrease in mucous production
• As a result, hydrochloric acid eats away at the stomach lining |
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Term
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Definition
• Migraines usually last about one to two hours
• More common in women than men
– Decreases by age 50 (most common in 16-35 year olds)
• Costs businesses more than $25 billion per year
• Cause focuses on emotional stress and tension
– Typical migraine sufferer is a perfectionist, ambitious, rigid, orderly, excessively competitive, and unable to delegate responsibility
• Muscle relaxation training is very effective in
reducing the painful effects associated with a migraine
– Major problem is dilation of blood vessels to the head
– Muscle relaxation increases blood flow to the periphery (arms/legs) and decreases blood flow to the head |
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Term
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Definition
• Caused by muscle tension (bracing) to
such areas as the forehead, jaw, or neck
• People usually take aspirin, put heat on the tense muscles, or get a massage
• Muscle relaxation can be very effective for
preventing tension headaches
– Need to become aware of bracing and areas where you experience it |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutant or abnormal cell growth resulting in a cancerous tumor |
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Term
| Allergies: Asthma, and Hayfever |
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Definition
The body’s defense against foreign substances called antigens. • When antigens enter the body
– Antibodies attack by releasing chemicals
– Histamine is one of these chemicals
•When too many histamines are released, tissues swell, mucous increases, and air passages are constricted |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of a joint, possibly caused by a faulty functioning of the immune system |
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Term
| TMJ (temporomandibular) Syndrome |
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Definition
The interference with the smooth functioning of the jaw.
• TMJ patients may have:
– facial pain
– clicking or popping sound
– earaches, ringing in ears
– migraine headaches
– dizziness
– sensitive teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| Nueuropeptide Y (NPY) – molecule shown to increase angiogenesis (the growth of the blood vessels) necessary to support new tissue growth |
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Term
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
• PTSD results from an extreme psychological and/or physical event perceived as extremely distressing (e.g., threat to one’s life)
– Most people will experience a traumatic event and up to 25% will develop PTSD |
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Term
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Definition
Stress is the result of a
determination that a demand exceeds available resources
• Three categories of appraisal
– Primary appraisal (of the threat)
– Secondary appraisal (of available resources)
– Reappraisal (after attempts at coping) |
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Term
The Model of stress
(Refer to picture) |
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Definition
| Life situation< Perceived as stressful< Emotional Arousal< Physiological Arousal< Consequences |
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Term
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Definition
Intervention is used to block a stressful
consequence(cognitive reconstructing or medications). A roadblock (e.g., relaxation technique) between the perception phase and the emotion phase can be effective. Exercise can effectively block the
continuation of stress after physiological arousal has occurred. |
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