Term
why are carbohydrates named carbohydrates
know the suffix used for carbs |
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Definition
carbo= carbon
hydrate=surrounded by water
suffix=ose |
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Term
what are the monomers of carbohydrates?
give 5 examples
know the number of carbons for each of the examples |
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Definition
monosacchurides
glysoral aldahyde 3, ribose 5, glucose 6, galactose 6, fructose 6 |
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Term
| how much energy per gram for each carbohydrate |
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Definition
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Term
what if you have two monomers of a carbohydrate
give 2 examples
which monomers are used for the examples |
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Definition
disuccharide
sucrose=glucose + fructose lactose=glucose+galactice |
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Term
give 4 examples of polysaccharides
distinguish energetic from structural, and why |
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Definition
| energetic= glycogen (table sugar), starch (amylose) structure=chitin (cell wall of fungi, exoskeleton of arthlopods), cellulose (plant cell wall) |
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Term
| 2 examples of how plants use sugar to lure animals |
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Definition
nectar, for polonation
fruit, spread seeds |
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Term
what indicator is used to identify sugars, what is used to identify polysaccharides?
what colors do they turn from and into |
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Definition
| sugars=bennidicts blue to orange, lugals yellow to deep purple |
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Term
| what reaction combines and splits carbohydrates |
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Definition
condensation to combine
hydrolysis to split |
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Term
| what suffix is used in most carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
know the main characteistics of lipids
what indicator is used to identify lipids |
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Definition
hydrophobic, nonpolar
sudan IV (4) |
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Term
where is energy stored in a lipid,
two reasons we store fat for energy |
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Definition
bond between carbon and hydrogens
hydrophobic(no water weight), high energy (lots of carbon hydrogen bonds) |
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Term
| how much energy per gram of fat |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the monomers of fats |
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Definition
| glysoral, fatty acid chains |
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Term
| what reaction is used to combine and split monomers in lipids |
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Definition
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Term
| THERE IS NO 15 on the OBJ sheet for 2009-2010 class |
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Definition
| mr stoher messed up there |
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Term
| functions of fats in humans |
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Definition
| store energy, water repellent, cushion organs, insulation |
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Term
| distinguish fats/oils in terms of fatty acid chains |
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Definition
saturated=fat, no double bonds, straight(lots of hydrogens)
unsaturated= oil, double bond, kinked, takes up more space due to kink (liquid at room temperature)
monosaturated is 1 double bond
polysaturated is 2 double bond |
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Term
| what reaction can transform an oil into a fat, discribe it |
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Definition
hydrogenation
hydrogen is pumped and pressured to break double bond |
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Term
| how is a phospholipid different from a normal fat |
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Definition
| the 3ed carbon has a phosphate group instead of a 3ed fatty acid chain |
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Term
| know where you find phospholipids, draw a cross section of the membrane of them |
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Definition
cell membrane, line up in a lipid bilayer
00000000
llllllllllllllll
00000000
(0=head, ll=fatty acid chain) |
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Term
| what organisms have wax and how it is used |
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Definition
bees wax, store honey, larvi
ear wax, protection
plant leaves wax, keep water in
bird feathers, water repellent for no water weight |
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Term
what are the different sterols,
what do they have in common |
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Definition
cholesterol, testosterone (male), estrogen (female), progesterone (female)
4 fused carbon rings |
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Term
what are the monomers of proteins
how many monomers are there |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the suffix for proteins |
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Definition
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Term
how do you bond/split amino acids
name the reactions and name the names of the bonds |
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Definition
condensation/hydrolysis (IM NOT SURE ABOUT THIS)
peptide bond |
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Term
| how much energy in each gram of protein |
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Definition
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Term
know the 8 different functions of proteins
give examples of each |
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Definition
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Term
what are the 4 levels of protein folding
give examples at levels 2 and 4 |
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Definition
1=straight chain
2=alpha helix or beta sheet
3=tertiary 3d complex, has alphahelix and betasheet
4 quatinary= multiple tertiarys tangled together
2) enzyme 4)hemoglobin |
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Term
what is used as a protein indicator what color does it start, change into
what protein is in milk |
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Definition
biret blue to purple
casein |
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Term
what are enzymes
what do they do
what is the suffix for enzymes |
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Definition
big proteins
catalyze reactions (lower activation energy)
-ase |
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Term
what is an active site
what is a substrate |
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Definition
active site is like a hole in the protein that the substrate goes into
000
00000
lllll000
0000
000
0=protein llll=substrate |
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Term
what controls the rate of enzymes
be able to sketch graphs
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Definition
ionic conditions, pH, temp, inhibitors, concentration of substrate, cofactors (vitamins)
graphs are like a bell curb enzymes dont work in extreme conditions
use your brain to figure out approx where enzymes function best if your dumb it should be in your notes |
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Term
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Definition
start=>intermediate=>intermediate etc=>end
end product can inhibit first reaction if there is too much end product |
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Term
| who named the cell and why and when |
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Definition
| robert hooke, looked like "little rooms", 1665 |
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Term
| what are the 3 parts of cell theory |
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Definition
all living things are made of cells
cells are the basic unit of life
all cells come from existing cells |
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Term
| what are 3 parts of a cell that all cells have in common |
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Definition
cell membrane
cytoplasm
genetic material |
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Term
what are the six kingdoms of life
organize by pro/eukaryote, uni/multi-cellular
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Definition
|
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Term
| when did the first cell evolve, when did the first eukaryote evolve |
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Definition
3.8billion hears ago
1.5billion years ago |
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Term
| distinguish prokaryote from eukaryote cells |
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Definition
| eukaryote have organals, nuclear bound membrane |
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Term
what is the endosymoitic theory
what is some evidence of it |
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Definition
endo=inside
biosis=living together
mitocaundria and chloroplats used to be other bacteria living outside of cell our cells now live in endosymbiosis with them
they have their own DNA, reproduce independently, and are the right size (like a bacteria) |
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Term
| what are the relative sizes of a eukaryote, prokaryotevirus, virus |
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Definition
| virus=smallest prokaryote=medium eukaryote=biggest |
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Term
what are the cell parts, what are their functions
know parts responsible for shape/structure
energy
protein synthesis
waterstorage and digestion
cell division |
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Definition
shape/structure=cytoskelleton, vacuole (to some extent)
energy=mitocaundria/chloroplats
protein synthesis=nucleus(code) to ER(synthesis) to golgi(packages)
waterstorage and digestion=vacuole (water), lysosome (water), peroxisome (digest)
cell division= nucleus |
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Term
| what is found in animal cell only, what in plant cell only |
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Definition
animal=lysosome, centrisome
plant=cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast |
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Term
what cell parts are made of cell membranes
of carbohydrate fibers
of protein fibers |
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Definition
nuclear membrane, ER, golgi, chloroplats, mitocaundria, lysosome, vacuole, plasma membrane
cell wall
centrioles, cilia (short thing used for movement), flagella(long thing used for movement, sperm have flagella), cytoskelleton |
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