sexual orientation hypothesis

personaliy and motivation of heterosexists

high on right-wing authoritarianism and SDO

Motivations

1. conformity to authority

2. conformity to expectations of social group

3. belief that homosexuality is immoral

why are gay men disliked more by men?

men think that in accepting a gay person, they are losing some of their masculinity

women are allowed to accept homosexuality because it does cause them to lose positive female traits

why do gay people come out of the closet at work?

1. self-discolsure is supposed to be reciprocal

2. failing to let someone know early on leads to distrust, or discrediting later

ageism

evaluative judgments made about a person due to their age

ageism may have a root in...

terror managment theory

in a survey, old people were viewed as _(4)_ compared to younger people

less competent

warmer

less agentic

less physically attractive

paradox of men and agency in old age

men are viewed as more agentic in general, but men are also viewed as losing their agency more than women in old age

elderspeak

baby talk for old people

old people like it when its their friends, but dislike it when its service workers

patronizing speech is used less often if the old person is positively stereotyped

stigmatized

stigmatized groups differ from the priveleged or dominant groups in terms of appearance or behavior

chosen by the majority group

often referred to as "the marked"

shame is always associated

5 dimensions that are particularly helpful in differentiating between harmful and benign stigmas

1. Course (how long does it last and how stable is it?)

2. Concealability

3. Asthetic Qualities (ex-less physically attractive people are more likely to be stigmatized)

4. Origin (was the stigmatized person under control of gaining their stigma?)

5. Peril (is the group assumed to be dangerous?)

courtesy stigma

stigma by association

stigmatization of a heterosexual man with a gay friend is HIGHER if the man is more POWERFUL because it defies a sub-stereotype that high status men are homophobic

tokens

when individuals are a statistical minority within a certain setting, they might be treated as tokens

things that affect them:

visibility

contrast

assimilation

effects of being a token

failure and achievements are both noticed more (although with assimilation, people notice the steretype-affirming qualities more)

chilly climate

effect of tokens on majority

makes them think about their group membership more

they hold ambivalent attitudes toward stigmatized groups...

personal/group dicrimination discepancy (PGDD)

people believe their group, as a whole, is more likely to be discriminated against than they, themselves are as individuals

cognitive

explanations of PGDD

depends on how info is presented

group information and examples are more easily processed than personal info

ppl use different standards for their own lives than for the group - they compare themselves to the group rather than comparing the group to another group

motivational explanations of PGDD

motivational explanations of PGDD

people want to deny or minimize their own experiences with discrimination

they're aware of assocations people make with "whiners" so they don't complain

stigma consciousness

belief that we live in a stereotyped world and that this affects interactions with outgroups

leads to PGDD

also leads to more prejudice

features of stereotype threat

groups: women, low SES, latinos, blacks

domains: school, athletics, work

*ppl do not need to believe the stereotype to be affected by stereotype threat

*the more negative the stereotype, the stronger the threat

*has a footing in COGNITION - reduces working memory capacity

*role models curb threat

psychological disengagement

defensive detachment from self esteem in domains where failure is a possibility 

ex-black person and school

accumulates over time

disidentification

devaluing a domain, like in psychological disengagement

systemic injustice

belief that discrimination has produced differences that will never be regained...giving up

behavioral compensation

ppl. compensate in an attempt to disconfirm a stereotype

increased prejudice decreases the chances that it will work

rebound effect

enhanced return of suppressed thoughts

increases accesibility of stereotypes, improves memory for steretypic info, increases stereotype use and prejudiced behavior

self-regulation model

based on experience acting prejudiced, ppl. who see themselves as unprejudiced become senstized to environmental cues and try not to act prejudiced in the future

works better for those who are more motivated to change

becomes automatic over time

value confrontation technique

calls peoples' attention to the contradictions of rating freedom high and equality low.

little evidence that it really works

contact hypothesis/intergroup contact theory

interactions with other groups decreases prejudice IF in the right situation

conditions:

-equal status

-work cooperatively

-get to know each other (acquantance potential)

-instituational support

effectiveness: .27 (same as psychotherapy)

changes peoples THOUGHTS and EMOTIONS toward outgroup

macrae et. al

skinhead study

stereotype repression doesn't work

also did behavioral seating distance...had same effect

proactive control

at 5:00 today i will go to the gym

works for prejudice too

(gollwitzer and sheeran)

3 models of the contact process

1. Personalization - see members of outgroup as individuals. stresses letting go of salient stereotypes.
2. Salient Categorization - generalization only occurs if people are also viewed as typical members of their group. stresses balance between stereotypes and individuating information.
3. Common group identity - getting together as a common group to do things (one group/dual identity representation). decreases prejudice overall but may increase intergroup discrimination or outgroup.

pettigrew's combined model of contact

they happen in a succession:

 - personalization,

 - generalization,

 - salient recategorization

stages are not always distinct

the order depends on the nature of the contact situation

2 issues with school desegregation

desegregation vs. integration: latter works, former isn't enough

Long term vs. short term effects: former works, at least for blacks.

cooperative learning

ex-jigsaw classroom

seems to work but might not generatlize to outgroups as a whole

multicultural education

based on belief that ignorance is major cause of prejudice

teaches ppl about different cultures

anti-bias education

provides students with heightened awareness of institutional racism

generally effects younger kids more than older

valuing diversity

workshops, seminars, etc. for the workplace

sometimes increases prejudice

well thought-out programs could improve that number (ex-doesn't have to be so formal)

managing diversity

focuses on changing organizational systems to create an environment appropriate for utilization of a diverse workforce

 - recruitment procedures that target women and minorities

 - child care

 - monitoring promotions

more extreme:

 - promote people who are into diverisity

 - reward people for diversity initiatives

2 perspectives that don't work

Color Blind

Assimilation

multicultural perspective

celebration of mutliculturalism

*encourages salient categorization

*encourages ppl to view themselves simultaneously in terms of ethnic and national identities

implementation intentions

PAYNE

think safe! with black face...reduces associations with black face and gun

elliot aaronson

legitimizing ideology

set of beliefs that maintain social inequalities

think: benevolent sexism

lawrence and gardner vs. state of texas

neighbor calls in weapons complaint which is fake - cop interrupts gay guys having sex instead.

ends up arresting them for sodomy.

OVERTURNS CONSTITUATIONALITY OF SODOMY LAWS

bowers vs. hardwick

cop follows gay guy home and then arrests him for sodomy

decision UPHOLDS SODOMY LAWS

plethysmograph

measures erection

homophobic men more aroused by gay porn

malleability of intelligence

outlook helps girls and minorities improve on standardized tests