Term
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Definition
TA- ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
Bulbis cordis - smooth part of ventricles
Primative ventricle- trabeculated ventricles
Primitive atria - Trabeculated left and right atria
Left horn of sinus venosus- coronary sinus
R horn of the sinus venosus- Smooth part of right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
NC migration
Spiral and fuse to make the AP septum
Transposition - failure to spiral
TOF- skewed AP septum
Persistent TA- partial AP septum development |
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Term
| Interatrial septum formation |
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Definition
1: Septum primum grows down
2: Buds off to make two foramen
3: Migrates down so only one foramen, septum secundun forms
4: Septum secundum becomes the atrial wall while the septum primum becomes the flap valve |
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Term
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Definition
Yolk Sac: 3-10 wks
Liver: 6 wk to birth
Spleen: 15-30 wk
BM: 22wk - adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
Umbilical vein has a PO2 of 30
Dectus Venosus- bypasses te hepatic circulation |
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Term
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Definition
Decreases resistance in pulmonary vasculature, causing inc LA pressure vs RA pressure, closing the FO
Inc in O2 leads to dec in prostaglandins, closing the DA |
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Term
| Fetal-postnatal derivatives |
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Definition
Umbilical vein - ligamentum teres hepatis
Umbilical arteries - Medial umbilical ligaments
Allantois - Urachus-median umbilical ligament |
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Term
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Definition
Acute marginal artery (RCA) - R ventricle
Post descending/interventricular Aa - Post septum and vents
Left circumflex (LCA)- lateral and post walls of LV
LAD - Ant septum and ant ventricle, pappillary muslces
SA and AV nodes supplied by the RCA
LAD is the most common occlusion |
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Term
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Definition
CO = HR x SV
MAP = CO x TPR |
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Term
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Definition
Inc SV when there is inc preload, dec after load or inc contractility
Inc with catecholamines, intracellular Ca, and extracellular Na, digitalis
Dec with B blockade, HF, Acidosis, Hypoxia, NDHP Ca Ch blockers |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks the Na/K pump, leading to an inc in intracellular Na, stopping the Na/Ca exchanger |
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Term
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Definition
Venodilators - Nitroglycerin
Vasodilators - Hydralazine (a = artery) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| isovolumetric contraction - period of highest O2 consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitral and tricuspid valve closing, loudest at mitral area |
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Term
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Definition
| Aortic and Pulmonic valve closure, loudest at left sternal border |
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Term
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Definition
Early diastole, rapid ventricular filling phase
Inc filling pressures (MV regurg, CHF, dilated ventricles)
Common in children in pregnant women |
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Term
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Definition
Late diastole, high atrial pressure
Ventricular Hypertrophy
"LA has to push against the LV wall" |
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Term
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Definition
a wave- atrial contraction
c wave- RV contraction (closed TC bulging into atrium)
x descent- atrial relaxation
y wave - inc RA pressure due to filling against closed valve
y descent- blood flow from the RA to RV |
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Term
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Definition
| Inspiration - drop in ITP, inc venous return to the RV, Inc SV, Inc ejection time, delayed closure of pulmonic valve |
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Term
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Definition
Conditions that delay RV emptying
Pulmonic stenosis, RBBB
*unrelated to breath |
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Term
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Definition
| Seen in ASD - Left to R shunt, Inc RA and RV volumes |
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Term
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Definition
Conditions that delay LV emptying
Aortic stenosis, LBBB
Normal order of valve closure is reversed so that P2 occurs before delayed A2
*on inspiration, split is diminished because of late A2 sound |
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Term
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Definition
Inspiration - inc R sided heart sounds
Expiration - inc L sided heart sounds
Hand Grip - Inc intensity of MR, AR, VSD, MVP
Valsalva - Inc intensity of MVP, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Squatting - Dec intensity of MVP, Hypertrophic CM |
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Term
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Definition
Holosystolic, high pitched *blowing murmur
Mitral- loudest at the apex, and radiates towards the axilla
Ischemic heart disease, MVP or LV dilation
Tricuspid- loudest at tricuspid area, radiates to R sternal border
RV dilation, rheumatic heart disease or infective endocarditis |
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Term
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Definition
Crescendo/Decrescendo murmur, following ejection click
Radiates to carotids, heart base
Pulsus parvus et tardus - pulses are weak with a delayed peak
Can lead to syncope, angina and dyspnea on exertion
Age related calcific aortic stenosis, or bicuspid valve |
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Term
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Definition
Holosystolic, *harsh sounding murmur
Loudest at the TC area
Accentuated with hand grip maneuver due to inc afterload |
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Term
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Definition
Late systolic crescendo with mid systolic click
Best heard over apex, loudest at S2
Can predispose to infective endocarditis
Can be caused by myxomatous degeneration, RF, chord rupture
Enhanced by valsalva or standing |
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Term
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Definition
High pitched *blowing diastolic decrescendo murmur
*Wide pulse pressure, bounding pulses, head bobbing
Aortic root dilation, bicuspid aortic valve, endocarditis or RF |
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Term
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Definition
Follows opening snap
Delayed Rumbling late diastolic murmur
Secondary to rheumatic fever |
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Term
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Definition
Continuous machine-like murmur. Loudest at S2
Due to congenital rubella or prematurity |
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Term
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Definition
Phase 0 - VG Na channels open
Phase 1 - Inactivation of VG Na, open VG K channel
Phase 2 - Ca influx, K efflux
Phase 3 - Massive K efflux, close Ca channels
Phase 4 - High K permeability, through K channels |
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Term
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Definition
Phase 0 - opening of Ca ch. Inactivated Na ch
Phase 2 - Plateau is absent
Phase 3 - Inactivation of Ca ch, open K channels
Phase 4 - spontaneous depot of Na channels rising the current |
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Term
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Definition
Ventricular tachycardia - shifting sinusoidal waveforms on ECG, can progress to Vfib
Tx Mag Sulfate |
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Term
| Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome |
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Definition
| Congenital long QT syndrome characterized by severe congenital sensorineural deafness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2nd degree AV block, type 1 |
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Definition
| Progressive lengthening, until a beat is dropped |
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Term
| 2nd degree AV block, type 2 |
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Definition
Dropped beats that are not preceded by a change in the PR length
May progress to third degree block, often needs pacemaker |
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Term
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Definition
Atria and ventricles have no association
*can be caused by Lyme disease |
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Term
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Definition
Released from the atrial wall in response to inc blood volume
Causes vascular relaxation and Dec Na reabsoprtion in kidney
Constricts efferent renal arterioles and dilates affarent arterioles, promoting diuresis |
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Term
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Definition
Aortic arch transmits via the vagus nerve to solitary nuc
*only responds to Inc in BP
Carotid Sinus transmits via the glossopharyngeal N to solitary nuc of medulla (responds to both Inc and dec) |
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Term
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Definition
Hypotension leads to inc efferent sympathetic firing
vasoconstriction, inc HR, inc contractility and Inc BP
Carotid massage can lead to a dec in HR from inc stretch |
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Term
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Definition
ICP leads to arterial constriction, cerebral ischemia and reflex symp inc leading to bradycardia
Triad of hypertension, bradycardia and respiratory depression |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral - stim by dec PO2, Inc PCO2 and dec pH
Central - stim by changes in pH and PCO2 (NOT O2) |
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Term
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Definition
LA - 5
LV - 25/5
PA - 25/10
RA - 12
RV - 130/10
AA - 130/90
PCWP - <12 |
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