Term
Pacinian Copruscle
description
location
senses |
|
Definition
Large, myelinated fibers
deep skin layers, ligaments, and joints
vibration and pressure |
|
|
Term
Meissner's Corpuscle
description
sensation encoded?
rapid or slow adapting? |
|
Definition
Large, myelinated fibers
Hairless (glabrous) skin
Position sense, dynamic fine touch, adapt quickly |
|
|
Term
Free Nerve Endings
description
location
senses |
|
Definition
C - slow unmyelinated fibers
Ad - fast myelinated fibers
All skin/epidermis and viscera
Pain and Temperature |
|
|
Term
Merkel's Disk
description
location
senses |
|
Definition
Large, myelinated fibers
Hair follicles
Position sense, static touch (shapes, edges, textures), adapt slowly |
|
|
Term
| visual fields when the geniculocalcarine tract is cut? |
|
Definition
| homonymous contralateral hemianopia WITH MACULAR SPARING |
|
|
Term
| What neural tissue comes from neural crest cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axon injury leading to distal degeneration and proximal swelling and dispersal of Nissl substance |
|
|
Term
NOREPINEPHRINE
diseases
location of synthesis |
|
Definition
Increased in anxiety
Decreased in depression
Locus Ceruleus |
|
|
Term
DOPAMINE
diseases
location of synthesis |
|
Definition
Increased in Schizophrenia
Decreased in Parkinson's and Depression
Ventral Tegmentum and Substantia Nigra |
|
|
Term
5-HT
diseases
location of synthesis |
|
Definition
Decreases in anxiety and depression
Raphe nucleus |
|
|
Term
ACh
diseases
location of synthesis |
|
Definition
Decreases in Alzheimer's, Huntington's
Basal nucleus of Meynart |
|
|
Term
GABA
diseases
location of synthesis |
|
Definition
Decreased in anxiety and Huntington's
Nucleus Accumbens |
|
|
Term
| Areas of the brain with no blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
Area postrema (vomiting post chemo)
OVLT (senses osmolarity)
Neurohypophysis (ADH/Oxytocin release) |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
TAN HATS
Thirst/water balance
Adenohypophysis control
Neurohypophysis release
Hunger
Autonomic regulation
Temperature regulation
Sexual urges |
|
|
Term
| Functions of lateral area of hypotahalmus |
|
Definition
Hunger, without it you become anorexic
Leptin inhibits this |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the ventromedial hypothalamus |
|
Definition
Satiety, without it you eat a lot
Stimulated by leptin |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the anterior hypothalamus |
|
Definition
Cooling (responds to heat)
pArasympathetic stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the posterior hypothalamus |
|
Definition
Heating (responds to cold)
sympathetic stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nuclei of the hypothalamus make ADH and Oxytocin? |
|
Definition
ADH: supraoptic nucleus
Oxytocin: paraventricular nucleus |
|
|
Term
VPL THALAMUS
input
info
destination |
|
Definition
Spinothalamic and DCML
Pain and temp, pressure, touch, vibration, and position
Primary sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
VPM THALAMUS
input
info
destination |
|
Definition
Trigeminal and gustatory pathway
Face sensation and taste
Primary sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
LGN THALAMUS
input
info
destination |
|
Definition
CN II
Vision
Calcarine Sulcus |
|
|
Term
MGN THALAMUS
input
info
destination |
|
Definition
Superior olive and inferior colliculus
Hearing
Auditory cortex |
|
|
Term
| Input and output nerves of cerebellum |
|
Definition
Input: climbing and mossy fibers
Output: Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
Nuclei of the cerebellum
Lateral to medial |
|
Definition
Don't Eat Greasy Foods
Dentate
Emboliform
Globose
Fastigial |
|
|
Term
| Cardinal signs of Parkinson's |
|
Definition
TRAP
Tremor (pill rolling)
Rigidity (cog-wheel)
Akinesia
Postural instability |
|
|
Term
| Cardinal signs of Huntington's |
|
Definition
Chorea
Aggression
Depression
Dementia |
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
Kluver-Bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hyperseuxal, disinhibited) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
Disinhibition and deficits in concentration, orientation and judgement
may see primitive reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
Spatial neglect syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness |
|
Definition
| Reticular activating system (midbrain) |
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, memory loss, confabulation, personality changes) |
|
Definition
| Bilateral Mamillary Bodies |
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
Tremor at rest, chorea, or athetosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
intention tremor, limb ataxia |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral Cerebellar hemisphere |
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
Truncal ataxia, dysarthria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
Hemiballismus |
|
Definition
| Contralateral subthalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
Anterograde amneisa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
Eyes look to the right |
|
Definition
| left PPRF or right frontal eye files |
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, and loss of consciousness |
|
Definition
| Central Pontine Myelinolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Speech comprehension and generation ok but unable to repeat
Due to arcuate fasiculus defect |
|
|
Term
LOCALIZE THE LESION
upper leg/upper arm weakness with defects in higher-order visual processing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of an ASA stroke |
|
Definition
Contralateral hemiparesis of the lower limbs
decreased contralateral proprioception
ipsilateral tongue deviation |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of a PICA stroke |
|
Definition
Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus
Decreased pain/temp sensation of limbs and face
Dysphagia, hoarseness and no gag reflex
Ipsilateral horners syndrome
Ataxia/dysmetria |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of an AICA stroke |
|
Definition
Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus
Paralysis of face
Decreased ipsilateral hearing
Ipsilateral Horner's syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contralateral hemianopsia with macular sparing |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of berry aneurysms on AComm and PComm |
|
Definition
AComm: visual field defects
PComm: CN III palsy (eye goes down and out) |
|
|
Term
| Charcot-Bouchard Microaneurysms |
|
Definition
Associated with chronic HTN
Affect basal ganglia and thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
Wet, Wobbly, Wacky Without atrophy
Urinary incontinence
Ataxia
Dementia
Expansion of ventricles without increase in subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| Communicating Hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
| Decreased CSF absorption causing increased ICP |
|
|
Term
| Obstructive Hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
| Blockage of CSF circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased CSF due to brain atrophy, asymptomatic. |
|
|
Term
| Anatomic landmark for T7? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anatomic landmark for L4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anatomic landmark for L1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anatomic landmark for C2? |
|
Definition
| Posterior half of a skull cap |
|
|
Term
| Nerve roots for each of the adult reflexes |
|
Definition
Biceps C5
Triceps C7
Patella L4
Achilles S1
Babinksi UMN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primitive reflex
When startled, abduct and extend arms, then adduct hands together
"hang on for life" |
|
|
Term
| What is the Rooting reflex? |
|
Definition
Primitive reflex
Movement of head to side if cheek or mouth is stroked
"Nipple seeking" |
|
|
Term
| What is the Sucking reflex? |
|
Definition
Primitive reflex
sucking response when roof of mouth is touched |
|
|
Term
| What is the Palmar/Plantar reflex? |
|
Definition
Primitive reflex
Curling of fingers/toes if palms of hands/feet are stroked |
|
|
Term
| What is the Gallant reflex? |
|
Definition
Primitive reflex
Stroking along one side of spine while baby is face down causes lateral flexion of lower body toward stroked side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superior colliculus lesion causes paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze |
|
|
Term
Cranial nerve fiber types
Sensory, Motor, or Both? |
|
Definition
Some Say Marry Money But My Bro Says Big Boobs Matter Most
1 = Sensory
2 = Sensory
3 = Motor
4 = Motor
5 = Both
6 = Motor
7 = Both
8 = Sensory
9 = Both
10 = Both
11 = Motor
12 = Motor |
|
|
Term
What is the jaw jerk reflex?
Afferent and efferent nerves? |
|
Definition
Tapping down on the center of the jaw below the lips causes it to jerk upwards (normally absent/minimal)
Afferent: V3
Efferent: V3 |
|
|
Term
Nucleus Solitarius
function
nerves |
|
Definition
Visceral sensory information (e.g. taste, gut distention)
7, 9, 10 |
|
|
Term
Nucleus Ambiguus
function
nerves |
|
Definition
Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus
9, 10, 11 |
|
|
Term
Dorsal Motor Nucleus
function
nerves |
|
Definition
Sends parasympathetic fibers to hear, lungs, and upper GI
10 |
|
|
Term
Where does cranial nerve III, IV, V1, VI exit the skull?
V2?
V3? |
|
Definition
Standing Room Only
Superior orbital fissure
foramen Rotundum
foramen Ovale |
|
|
Term
| Where does the middle meningeal artery exit the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do CN 9, 10, 11 exit the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerve exits through the foramen magnum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bell's Palsy is a common complication of what conditions?
Is this an upper or lower motor neuron lesion? |
|
Definition
ALex H bell with STD
AIDS
Lyme
Herpes
Sarcoid
Tumors
Diabetes
LMN lesion, upper and lower part of face is affected |
|
|
Term
Difference between closed/narrow glaucoma and open/wide glaucoma?
Similarity? |
|
Definition
Closed is an emergency. Caused by obstruction of flow between iris and cornea, painful.
Open caused by obstruction of flow out of eye, painless, more likely in old black people.
Increased intraocular pressure causing optic disk atrophy with cupping. |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for cataracts |
|
Definition
| age, smoking, EtOH, sunlight, galactosemia, galactokinase deficiency, diabetes, trauma, infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic innervation for pupil contraction (CN III) |
|
|
Term
| What exactly is separating in retinal detachment? |
|
Definition
| Neurosensory layer separating from pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
Age-Related Macular degeneration
Wet vs. Dry
Similarities
Differences |
|
Definition
Degeneration of macula leading to loss of central vision (scotoma)
Dry: slow and gradual, due to fat deposits
Wet: rapid due to neovascularization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fibers from the inferior part of the eye (upper part of visual field since image on retina is upside down) travel through temporal lobe around inferior horn of lateral ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Pathology of diabetic neuropathy |
|
Definition
| endoneurial arteriole hyalinization due to osmotic damage from hyperglycemia/sorbitol |
|
|
Term
| Genes associated with Alzheimer's incidence and protection |
|
Definition
Early onset: APP on chr 21, presinilin-1 on 14, presinilin-2 on 1
Normal onset: ApoE4 on 19
Protective: ApoE2 on 19 |
|
|
Term
What protein defect is associated with Lewy Body dementia?
Clinical presentation of LBD? |
|
Definition
a-synuclein
Parkinsonism with dementia and hallucinations |
|
|
Term
| CSF that is diagnostic of MS? |
|
Definition
| High protein (IgG) with oligoclonal bands on electrophoresis |
|
|
Term
| MS disease (i.e. not symptom) treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SIN
Scanning speech
Intention tremor, Incontinence, Internuclear opthalmoplegia
Nystagmus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High protein with normal cells
albumino-cytologic dissociation |
|
|
Term
| PML (progressive multifocal leukcencephalopathy) |
|
Definition
| Rapidly progressive demyelinating disease in AIDS patients associated with JC virus |
|
|
Term
| Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis |
|
Definition
| multifocal perivenular inflammation and demyelination after infection or vaccine |
|
|
Term
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
inheritance
defect
findings |
|
Definition
Autosomal recessive
Arylsulfatase A deficiency
Lysosomal storage disease with buildup of sulfa tides and thus impaired myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease |
|
Definition
| hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy due to defective proteins in peripheral nerves and myelin sheaths |
|
|
Term
Myoclonic seizure
general or partial?
what does it look like? |
|
Definition
General
quick, repetitive jerks |
|
|
Term
Atonic seizures
general or partial?
what does it look like? |
|
Definition
General
drop to the floor (looks like fainting) |
|
|
Term
| Migraine vs. Tension vs. Cluster headache symptoms |
|
Definition
Migraine: 4-72 hours of pulsating pain with nausea, photo/phonophobia and possibly aura
Tension: bilateral, >30 mins of steady pain
Cluster: unilateral repeated short headaches with eye pain, crying, Horner's and runny nose |
|
|
Term
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Presentation
associations |
|
Definition
Sporadic congenital disease with port-wine stains in V1 distribution, pheochromocytoma, and ipsilateral meningeal angiomas
May get glaucoma, seizures, hemiparesis, and retardation |
|
|
Term
Glioblastoma
Pathology
frequency
most common location |
|
Definition
Pseudopalisading cells that are GFAP positive around an area of necrosis and hemorrhage
most common adult brain tumor
Found in cerebral hemisphere |
|
|
Term
Meningioma
Pathology
frequency
most common location |
|
Definition
Spindle cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern with psammoma bodies.
2nd most common adult tumor
Arise from the meninges, usually parasagittal in convexes of hemispheres |
|
|
Term
Schwannoma
Pathology
frequency
most common location |
|
Definition
Biphasic pathology with hyper and hypo cellular areas. Pallisading cells. S-100 positive (schwann cells)
3rd most common adult tumor
Usually come from CN8 |
|
|
Term
Oligodendroglioma
Pathology
frequency
most common location |
|
Definition
Fried egg cells, chicken-wire capillaries, often calcified
Rare
Frontal lobes |
|
|
Term
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Pathology
frequency
most common location |
|
Definition
Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic corkscrews), cystic, GFAP positive with hairlike glial processes. Well circumscribed
Most common childhood brain tumor
Posterior fossa |
|
|
Term
Medulloblastoma
Pathology
frequency
most common location |
|
Definition
Rosettes or perivascular pseudo rosettes of small blue cells. Solid mass from primitive neuroectodermal cells
2nd most common childhood brain tumor
near the 4th ventricle, often compressing it |
|
|
Term
Ependymoma
Pathology
frequency
most common location |
|
Definition
Perivascular pseudo rosettes. Cells have rod shaped blepharoplasts (ciliary bodies)
3rd most common childhood tumor
In 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
Hemangioblastoma
Pathology
most common location
associations |
|
Definition
Foamy cells and high vascularity
Cerebellar
VHL and retinal angiomas, secondary polycythemia from EPO production |
|
|
Term
Cranipharyngiomas
Pathology
most common location |
|
Definition
Derived from Rathke's pouch, cystic with brownish yellow cholesterol rich fluid, may see keratin pearls and calcifications
Above optic chasm, often causes bitemporal hemianopia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Subfalcine: Cingulate under the flax cerebri
2. Central: Downward transtentorial
3. Uncal: Medial temporal lobe over tentorum cerebelli
4. Cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| Signs of Uncal herniation |
|
Definition
Ipsilateral dilated pupil and ptosis from CN 3 compression
Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing from PCA compression
Ipsilateral paresis from compression of contralateral crus cerebra
Duret hemorrhages of paramedian artery from caudal displacement of brain stem |
|
|
Term
| DDx for Ring enhancing lesion |
|
Definition
Met (lung, breast, melanoma, kidney, GI)
Abscess
Toxo
Primary CNS lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| DDx for uniformly enhacing lesion |
|
Definition
Met lymphoma
Meningioma
Met (lung, breast, melanoma, kidney, GI) |
|
|
Term
| DDx for heterogeneously enhancing lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adult derivatives of the walls and cavities of the
Telencephalon |
|
Definition
Walls: Cerebral hemispheres
Cavity: Lateral ventricles |
|
|
Term
Adult derivatives of the walls and cavities of the
Diencephalon |
|
Definition
Walls: Thalamus
Cavity: Third ventricle |
|
|
Term
Adult derivatives of the walls and cavities of the
Midbrain |
|
Definition
Walls: Midbrain
Cavity: Aqueduct |
|
|
Term
Adult derivatives of the walls and cavities of the
Metencephalon |
|
Definition
Walls: Pons and Cerebellum
Cavity: Upper part of 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
Adult derivatives of the walls and cavities of the
Myelencephalon |
|
Definition
Walls: Medulla
Cavity: Lower part of 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
Definition of:
Spina bifida
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele |
|
Definition
SB: failure of bones to close, no herniation of neural tissue
Meningo: failure of bones to close with herniation of meninges only
Myelomeningo: failure of bones to close with herniation of meninges and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Chiari type 1 malformation |
|
Definition
| Tonsils herniate through foramen magnum but may be asymptomatic until adulthood when they get headaches and ataxia |
|
|
Term
| Chiari type 2 malformation |
|
Definition
| Present at birth, tonsils herniate with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly, often have syrinomyelia and myelomeningocele |
|
|
Term
| Dandy-Walker malformation |
|
Definition
large fossa due to no cerebellar semis, 4th ventricle enlarges
hydrocephalus and spina bifida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st is MAXimal
Part of the MAXillary artery (from the external carotid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C is 3rd letter
Common Carotid and proximal part of internal Carotid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4th arch = 4 limbs/systemic circulation
Left part = aortic arch
Right part = right subclavian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pulmonary arteries
left also has ductus arteriosus |
|
|
Term
| Tissue types of branchial cleft, arch, and pouch? |
|
Definition
CAP covers outside in
Cleft = ectoderm
Arch = mesoderm
Pouch = endoderm |
|
|
Term
| 1st Branchial cleft derivative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1st branchial arch derivatives
Cartilage |
|
Definition
| Meckel's cartilage, Mandible, Malleus, incus, spheno-Mandibular ligament |
|
|
Term
1st branchial arch derivatives
Muscles |
|
Definition
| Muscles: Muscles of Mastication, Mylohyoid, ant belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini |
|
|
Term
1st branchial arch derivatives
nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defects of 1st branchial arch |
|
Definition
Treacher-Collins Syndrome
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate causing mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities |
|
|
Term
2nd branchial arch derivatives
Cartilage |
|
Definition
| Stapes, Styloid process, Stylohyoid ligament, leSSer horn of hyoid |
|
|
Term
2nd branchial arch derivatives
muscles |
|
Definition
| Stapedius, Sylohyoid, poSterior belly of digastric |
|
|
Term
2nd branchial arch derivatives
Nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3rd branchial arch derivatives
Cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3rd branchial arch derivatives
Muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3rd branchial arch derivatives
Nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3rd branchial arch defects |
|
Definition
| Pharyngocutaneous fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck |
|
|
Term
4th-6th branchial arch derivatives
Cartilage |
|
Definition
| thyriod, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform |
|
|
Term
4th-6th branchial arch derivatives
Muscles |
|
Definition
4th: pharyngeal constrictors, levator veli palatini, CRICOTHYROID
6th: all intrinsic muscles of larynx EXCEPT cricothyoird |
|
|
Term
4th-6th Branchial arch derivatives
Nerves |
|
Definition
4th: CN X, superior laryngeal branch
6th: CN X, recurrent laryngeal branch |
|
|
Term
| 4th-6th branchial arch defects |
|
Definition
| posterior 1/3 of tongue could be messed up |
|
|
Term
| 1st branchial pouch derivatives |
|
Definition
Endoderm lined ear structures
middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells |
|
|
Term
| 2nd branchial pouch derivatives |
|
Definition
| epithelial lining of palatine tonsil |
|
|
Term
| 3rd branchial pouch derivatives |
|
Definition
dorsal wings: INFERIOR parathyroids
ventral wings: thymus |
|
|
Term
| 4th branchial pouch derivatives |
|
Definition
| dorsal wings: SUPERIOR parathyroids |
|
|
Term
| 3rd/4th branchial pouch defect |
|
Definition
DiGeorge syndrome
thymic aplasia and hypocalcemia (no PTH) |
|
|
Term
| 3rd, 4th, and 5th branchial pouch defect |
|
Definition
MEN2A
pheochromocytoma, parathyroid tumors, parafollicular cell (thyroid) tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anterior 2/3 from 1st branchial arch with sensation via CN V3 and taste via CN7
Posterior 1/3 from 3rd/4th arches with sensation and taste via CN IX (very far posterior = CN X)
Muscles from occipital myotomes and innervated by CN XII |
|
|
