What is it

Prophase

1st  phase of Mitosis

-spindle fibers form bridge over nucleus

what is

Metaphase

2nd phase of Mitosis

when chromosomes line up across equator of cell

What is

Anaphase

What is The 3rd phase of Mitosis

when

-chromosomes split and spindles retract to opposite sides of the cell pulling the chromosomes along  with them 

What is Telophase

What is the 4th and Final phase of Mitosis 

when-nuclear envelope forms

around the 2 new nuclei

What is the

Nucleolus 

WHat is the

Nuclear envelope

WHat is

 - the skin around the nucleus

What are

Ribosomes

What is the

Cell membrane

WHat us - the outside skin of the cell separating the cytoplasm

from the environment

around the cell called

What is the

Cytoplasm

What is the - jell-like fluid

that fills the cell,

in which most of the organelles live called

What are the

Mitochondria

What are the

 organelles that produce energy for cell activity

called

What is the

Endoplasmic reticulum 

smooth and rough!

What is the-

network of passageways

throughout the cell

called

What is the

Nucleus

What is the Brain of the cell,

that directs actions of the cell

What are

Lysosomes 

What are the

– cell's clean up crew

WHAT ARE

Vacuoles 

What are the  –organelles for the storage of cell water,waste, & food

( plants have one big one full of water)

What are

Gogli bodies

WHAT ARE - transporters of THE   cell CALLED

- pancakes

What are

Organelles

what are - cell organs

called

What is a

Purebred 

What  is - The offspring of many generations that have the same trait.  Ex: short pea plants always come from short parent plants

WHAT is

Hybrid

WHAT IS A

Recessive Allele

What is

Dominant allele

WHAT IS - the GENE whose trait always shows up in the offspring

What is a

Trait

What is - each different form of a characteristic such as hair color, height, called

What is F2 Generation

F1 Generation

 - The 1st Filial Generation, resulting from a cross between 2 breeding plants. 

Homozygous for the trait of interest. 

What is the

Filial Generation

What are - children of the parent organism  called 

ex: You cross two plants and get a baby plant. Its  the ________   _________. 

What is a Dominant Trait

 What is - A trait that is expressed over another trait. 

Example: 

So if the brown hair gene is a ______  _______ over blonde hair and you have  a blonde and a brown hair gene from each of our parents,  you’ll have brown hair.

What are Alleles 

what are - The different forms of a gene. 

For example- You inherit one ____  from each parent for a trait,

for example - tallness.  

How tall depends on the ____s.

What is Heredity

What is the passing of physical characteristics

from parent to offspring called

What is

Genetics

What is the study of heredity

(of genes) called

What is a Gene

- a segment of DNA on a chromosome,  that holds the information for a specific trait - the brown eyes gene or the freckles gene 

what is  DNA replication

-two sides of DNA unzip!

– 4 free floating nitrogen bases pair up with the 4 nitrogen bases inside the unzipped DNA.  

After the new bases attach, new DNA molecules are formed

what is

DNA

-carrier of genetic information-

- A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell-

(DNA is carried in the chromosomes)

(De-ox-y-ri-bo - nu-cle-ic  a-cid)

WHat is Cytokinesis

 final stage of the cell cycle,

-completes cell division cycle-

Cytoplasm pinches middle of the cell - cell divides,

then organelles are distributed

to each new daughter cell

What is Mitosis

what is - the 2^nd stage of the Cell Cycle -

when Cell Division occurs 

(= parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells)

There are 4 phases of Mitosis  ( P.Mat)

Prophase,  Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase)

What is

Interphase

- 1st stage in the cell cycle

cell grows 

getting ready to divide & replicate its DNA

during Mitosis

What is the

Cell Cycle

What is

The orderly set of events of a cells growth and division

(AKA-the life cycle of a cell-which has 3 parts: Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis)  called

What is Replication 

What is - to make a duplicate or twin

of one's self  called

What is a Chromosome

- What are-Many genes joined together-  

During prophase, Chromatin condenses and the DNA replicates to form two rods called chromatid,

exact copies of each other.

This double rod of chromatids is called a__________

WHAT IS

Meiosis

(mi-o-sis)

WHAT IS THE formation of sex cells (sperm and egg)

- the number of chromosomes is halved 

-It  has 4 phases, like Mitosis,

but it’s phases repeat,  - replicate 2 times,

so there’s Prophase 2 and metaphase 2 and so on 

WHAT IS

A Cell 

WHAT IS THE 

basic unit of structure

of all living things called

[image]

WHAT DOES Telophase  look like

WHat does metaphase look like

What does mitochondria look like

(They  make energy for the cell)

Gogli body

pancake like

makes proteins

transporter of the cell

Which organelle is the 

Gogli body

Ribosome

Centriole

Endoplasmic reticulum- smooth and rough

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Lysosome

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

[image]cell wall or cell membrane = plasma membrane

cytoplasm = cytosol 

Ignore the Pinocytotic Vesicle

Two important differences between processes of 

mitosis and meiosis are:

a) In mitosis the number of chromosomes in the cells formed is the same as in the original cell.

In meiosis the number of chromosomes is halved.

b) In mitosis the cells formed are identical to the original cell.

In meiosis they're different.

Where are the chromosomes in a cell?

in the nucleus

the brains of the cell

What are the 2 types of cell division?

mitosis and meiosis

adenine 

One of the four nitrogen bases in DNA

What are centrioles

cylinder shaped organelles 

-that pair up, 

 -pairs go to either side of the cell then

-shoot out spindle fibers 

-during prophase

What are chloroplasts

Disc shaped organelles

found in plant cells (not animal cells)

that help the plant turn sunlight into food

A nucleic acid

composed of two strands with bars in between

like a ladder

twisted into a spiral

 forming a double helix shape

and carries the genetic information of the cell

What is DNA

What do the letters stand for?

What is guanine  

One of the 4 nitrogen bases

in DNA

The period between cell divisions

(before Mitosis)

when cell grows

in preparation for the next division

(3rd part of cell cycle)

What is interphase

Organelles

that contain digestive juices

that break down food, and cell waste

the clean up crew of the cell

What are lysosomes

Cell division

in which the chromosomes replicate

like in Mitosis

but is followed by 2 nuclear divisions

(nucleus of cell divides 2 times ,not one time like in Mitosis)

 resulting in 4 daughter SEX cells (gametes)

What is meiosis

 The stage of cell division (in mitosis or meiosis)

when chromosomes

line up at the equator of the cell

What is metaphase

A network of thread like fibers

 formed during prophase

that attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes 

and help draw the chromosomes apart during anaphase

What are spindles

 The unexpected change in a gene,

that makes a  different form of that gene

that can be inherited by future generations,

 (caused by an accidental  change  in the DNA)

What is mutation

Name of the Cell parts

that carry out individual functions of the cell

like the organs inside our body's do 

What are organelles

What are

chloroplasts and cell wall

Process by which

 DNA is duplicated

before cell division

What is replication

WHat DO THEY CALL -

cells breathing 

WHAT IS 

"cellular respiration"

Organelles 

- look like tiny dots 

freely floating around inside the cell

and 

-attach to the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) 

they help make proteins  

What are Ribosomes

The final stage of mitosis

When the chromosomes migrate to opposite poles,

a new nuclear envelope forms,

and the chromosomes uncoil

What is Telophase

What do you call the - (foursomes)

- 2 chromosomes from mom and dad (2 overlapping X's, that are made up of 4 lines - the chromatids) that occur during Meiosis?

XX

WHat are

Tetrads

(tedrad means 4 things together.)

Count the rods that make up the two X's !)

what is Thymine

One of the

4 nitrogen bases

in DNA that begins with a T

What are the Fluid-filled spaces or capsules

in plant and animal cells

that remove waste products

and store ingested food.

There's usually one big one, 

full of water, in plants 

WHat are vacuoles

Why do sex cells

created in Meiosis,

have only half

as many chromosomes

as a cell needs ?

Because they are going to join up

with other sex cells

from the other parent

to make  offspring (baby) cells.

-Then it will add its half to the other parent's half

to make one complete cell

The spindles are pulling the chromosomes

towards opposite poles of the cell

where they will become part of 2 new nuclei for 2 new daughter cells- in Mitosis and Meiosis - it will happen 2 times in Meiosis.

It is called just plane anaphase in Mitosis.

YOu can tell this is  _________ , of MEIOSIS   because there are 2 cells now

not just one like there is in Mitosis, whose spindles are pulling the chromosomes towards opposite poles ,

getting ready for the second split in Telephase, so that there will be 4 daughter cells 

THESE ARE 2 PICTURES of 1 cell

picture 1- BEGINNING OF _______

picture 2 - THE END OF ________

YOU CAN TELL BECAUSE:

picture  1-YOU CAN'T SEE ANY CHROMOSOMES

picture 2- now THE CHROMATIN HAVE Condensed/Fattened up INTO CHROMOSOMES; and Nuclear Wall is breaking up, losing its shape. 

What you cant see in the photo = are the CENTROMERES going to opposite poles of the cell while spindle fibers make a bridge between them.

In this phase of Mitosis & Meiosis,

the chromosomes(in red) have all split

and have been pulled by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell.

2 new nuclei have formed and the cell is ready for the last phase - when it will elongate

before Cytosis

In this phase of Mitosis and Meiosis, the chromosomes are all lined up at the equator of the cell.  The spindle fibers are there too, attached to the chromosomes. they look like faint squiggly lines 

ready for the next phase when they will pulled apart chromosomes to either pole of the cell

WHat is a Helix

what is An object

in the shape of

a corkscrew,  a spiral staircase

or a spiral  called

Adenine & thymine

AT pair up

Guanine  & Cytosine

G,C pair up

The 4 Nitrogen bases that make up the rungs on the spiral ladder of DNA

&

that unzip when DNA replicates

What is shaped like a Double Helix

What is the Shape of DNA

[image]

What does "ER"

 (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

network of passageways in the cell  Look like?

 what does it look like?

Each ________ consists of two identical "sister" chromatids attached by a centromere.

A Chromosome is made up of two ________s attached by a ___________.

WHAT IS

 PMat,  or
THE 4 Phases of Mitosis

What are

Prophase,  Metaphase, Anaphase, 

Telephase