Term
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Definition
| what is considered a violation of rules or norms is different for every group |
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Term
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Definition
| The violation of rules or norms related to one's appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| Violation of rules or norms related to one's psychological state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Violation of rules and norms related to on'es sociological status. |
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Term
| Differential Association Theory |
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Definition
| Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate the associating with some groups resulting in learning an "excess of definitions" of deviance, and, by extension, in a greater liklihood that one will become deviant. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that two control systems--inner controls and outer controls--work against our tendencies to deviate |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that the labels people are given effect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into comformity. |
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Term
| Five Techniques of Neutralization |
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Definition
1. Denial of Responsibility 2. Denial of Injury 3. Denial of a Victim 4. Condemnation of the Condemners 5. Appeal to Higher Loyalties |
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Term
Functions of Deviance (Functionalist Perspective) |
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Definition
1. Deviance clarifies moral boundries and affirms norms 2. Deviance promotes social unity 3. Deviance promotes social change |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large number of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovaive means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultured goal. |
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Term
| Strain Theory Modes of Adaptation |
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Definition
1. Conformity --Deviant Paths-- 2. Innovation 3. Ritualism 4. Retreatism 5. Rebellion |
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Term
How power defines and punishes deviance |
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Definition
| The power elite that run society also controls the criminal justice system. This group makes certain that laws are passed that will protect its position in society. Other norms, such as those that govern informal behavio, are also set by this group. |
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Term
| Inequality in the Criminal Justice System |
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Definition
| Because the power elite i seen to control the criminal justice system is used as a mean to keep the working class in its place by coming down hard with punishments while the power elite are not punished heavily. |
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Term
| Gender Bias for the Death Penalty |
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Definition
| Women are hardly ever sentenced to death. Although women commit 11.6% of the murders, they make up only 1.4% of death row inmates. |
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Term
| Social Class Bias for Death Penalty |
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Definition
| The lower the social class the more likely a person is to be sentenced to death. People of higer social class have the money in order to afford better representation and are often treated less harshly. |
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Term
| Racial-Ethnic Bias in Death Penalty |
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Definition
| Whites are the most likely to be on death row with 46% of all inmates while African Americans are second with 42%. Compared to the total U.S. popullation whites make up 68% while african americans make up only 12% |
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Term
| Medicalization of Deviance |
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Definition
| to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians. |
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Term
| Mental Illness as a Social Issue |
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Definition
Theorized that certain mental illnesses or actions are learned by one's particular life experiences and not an illness in their mind. ex: stealing, rape, cussing, slamming the door |
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Term
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Definition
| the division of large number of people into layers according to their relative power, property and prestige applied to both nations and to people within a nation, society or other group |
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Term
| Social Stratification: 3 Dimensions |
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Definition
Slavery Caste System SocialClass |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification in which some people own other people |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification in which on'es status is determined by birth and is lifelong |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification based primarily on the possession of money or material possessions |
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Term
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Definition
Capitalistic Wealth is enormous |
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Term
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Definition
Lower incomes and standards of living Large numbers remain illiterate and desperately poor Conditions can be gruesome |
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Term
| Least Industrialized Nations |
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Definition
Most people live in poverty Most have no ammenities Rapid poppulation growth burdens limited resources |
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Term
| David and Moore's Explanation |
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Definition
1. Society must make certain that its positions are filled 2. Some positions are more important than others 3. The more important positions must be filled by more qualified people 4. To motivate the more qualified people to fill those positions, society must offer them greater rewards |
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Term
| Tumin's Critique of Davis and Moore |
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Definition
1. How do we know that the positions that offer the highest ranks are the most important? 2. Positions would be awarded on the basis of merit (theoretically) 3. Social stratification ought to benefit everyone, yet its dysfunctional for many. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Marx, one of two groups; capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in wealth, power and prestige |
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Term
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Definition
| the total value of everything someone owns, minus the debts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others |
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Term
| Intergenerational Mobility |
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Definition
| the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| movement down the social class ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| movement up the social class ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| males' and females' unequal access to power, prestige and property on the basis of sex |
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Term
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Definition
| bilogical characteristics that distinguish females and males, consting of primary and secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity |
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Term
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Definition
| the philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activities on behalf of this principle |
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Term
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Definition
| the abuse of one's position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone |
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Term
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Definition
| the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work |
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Term
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Definition
| the mostly invisible accelerators that push men into higher-level positions, more desirable work assignments and higher salaries |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for degrees to follow gender reinforcing male-female distinction |
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Term
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Definition
| physical characteristics that distinguish one group from another |
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Term
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Definition
| having distinctive cultural characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination |
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Term
| How do groups become a minority? |
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Definition
1. Expansion of political boundries 2. Migration |
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Term
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Definition
| an attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way |
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Term
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Definition
| an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group |
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Term
| Psychological Perspective of Prejudice |
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Definition
1. Frustration and Scapegoats 2. The Authoritarian Personality |
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Term
| Sociological Perspective on Prejudice |
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Definition
1. Functionalism 2. Conflict Theory 3. Symbolic Interactionsim |
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Term
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Definition
| the group with the most power, greatest privileges and highest social status |
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Term
| Inidividual Discrimination |
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Definition
| the negative treatment of one person by another on the basis of that person's perceived characteristics |
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Term
| Institutional Discrimination |
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Definition
| negative treatment of a minority group that is built into a society's institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| to seperate acts from feelings or attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| forcing a minority group to move |
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Term
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Definition
| a policy of population elimination, including forcible expulsion and genocide |
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Term
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Definition
| workers split along racial, ethnic, gender, age or any other lines; this split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of workers |
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Term
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Definition
| a philosophy or political policy that permits or encourages ethnic difference |
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Term
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Definition
| a movement that focuses on common elements in the cultures of Native Americans in order to develop a cross-tribal self-identity and to work toward the welfare of all Native Americans |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage or adoption |
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Term
| What are Common Culture Themes? |
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Definition
1. mate selection 2. descent 3. inheritance 4. authority |
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Term
| Stages of the Family Life Cycle |
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Definition
1. Love and Courtship 2. Marriage 3. Childbirth and Child Rearing 4. Family Transitions in Later Life |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of reckoning descent that counts both the mother's and the father's side |
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Term
| Patrilineal / Matrilineal |
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Definition
| a system of reckoning descent that counts only from the (father's / mother's) side |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of marriage in which (men / women) have more than one (wife / husband) |
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Term
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Definition
| authority more or less equally divided between people or groups, in this instance between husband and wife |
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Term
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Definition
| a family consisting of a husband, wife and children |
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Term
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Definition
| a nuclear family plus other relatives, such as grandparents, uncles and aunts |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of marrying (within / outside) one's own group |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry on another |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of parenting in which the father, after divorce, reduces contact with his own children, serves as a father to the children of the woman he marries or lives with, then ignores these children, too after moving in with or marrying another woman |
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Term
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Definition
| the family in which a person grows up |
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Term
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Definition
| the family formed when a couple's first child is born |
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Term
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Definition
| a family whose members were one part of other families |
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