Term
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Definition
| Rock formed by the accumulation of sediment[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Time it takes for half of an isotope sample to break down. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of an Isotopes half-life to find the age of fossils. |
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Term
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Definition
Method used to date relatively recent fossils. Fossil up to 60,000 year old fossils can be tested by using carbon 14.
* only once living things can be tested using carbon 14. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures of different species that have same evolutionary origin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organs that may have served a purpose at one point but now show no apparent function. |
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Term
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Definition
1809.
-Over long periods of time species could evolve into new species.
-Believed that species didn't become extinct, they simply evolved into new species.
-Organisms change in response to the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
1831.
-Traveled to South America and South Pacific. Most important to the Galapagos islands.
-sailed on the HMS Beagle.
-Organisms have advantagous variations & have a greater chance of survival.
-Organisms produce more offspring than will actually survive.
-Natural selection
-Characteristics can't be kept in detrimental. but they don't have to be beneficial either. Detrimental characteristics would be bred out or all organisms with that trait would become extinct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical barriers cut population in two. |
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Term
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Definition
New species develop from a single ancestral species. Able to expand into different environments.
ex. finches on Galapagos islands. |
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Term
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Definition
The environment selects similar adaptations & unrelated species.
ex: (stream lined)
Dolphins....mammals
Shark.......fish |
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Term
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Definition
example of convergent evolution.
-one organism copies another's appearance for protection. ex. Wasps and Bumblebees have same variation of yellow and black stripes. this code is danger. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which the environment allows only the better adapted organisms to survive and reproduce. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
No nuclear envelope
ex bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
self feeding organisms
2 billion years ago |
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Term
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Definition
cannot synthesize own food
3.5 billion years ago. |
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Term
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Definition
single celled
heterotrophic
prokaryotic
anaerobic
lived in ocean
3.5 billion years ago |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| earth formed originally barren & Rocky hot thick atmosphere. No O2 at this point. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oceans formed (water vapor) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st cell. single celled, anaerobic, 2 ATP, prokaryotic & heterotrophic. Chemical evolution, chemical gases in the atmosphere had a reaction to ultra violate light. |
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Term
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Definition
| Autotrophic, less competition, photosynthetic, aerobic organisms-38 ATP more efficient at making energy. OXYGEN! |
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Term
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Definition
3.5 million-570 million. sponges, jellyfish, worms, coral, clams, starfish.
Oceany, rocky volcanic terrain and land was barren. first cells formed, simple many cell organisms in the oceans. unicellular evolved into multicellular. |
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Term
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Definition
570 million - 230 million.
-Most major animal groups present.
Plants invade land.
Animals :
Fish, Plants, Insects, Amphibians, Reptiles, 1st animals w/o hard shells & skeletons. 96% ocean animals went extinct. Climate & environment change. Pangea formmd/seperated |
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Term
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Definition
230 million-65 million.
Terrain deciduous & carniferous forests.
Mountains, Oceans
Dino's, Pinetrees, Plants, Birds
Extinction of Dino's |
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Term
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Definition
65 million.
Mammals, Birds, rapid evolution, Modern humans, insects, humans, modern terrain, humans, flowering plants & trees, humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thumb able to move it further across the hand. Able to grasp and manipulate objects easier |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Similarities and Differences
Humans vs Apes |
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Definition
Similarities:
Large brains, complex social behavior, opposable thumb, fingers with nails rather than claws, flat face with forward facing eyes. (stereoscopic vision), able to judge depth |
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Term
Similarities & Diferences
Humans vs Apes
2 |
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Definition
differences:
Humans
-Brain Capacity 1300cm cubed.
-forehead vertical
-Larger Pelvis-to accumulate infants with
larger brains.
-Jaw is V shaped
-Teeth no spaces in between
-Opposable thumb able to move it farther
across the hand.
-Spinal cord supports the head enters at
the bottom of skull
-Muscles attach differently to pelvis
to aid upright walking |
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Term
Similarities & Differences
Human vs Ape
3 |
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Definition
differences:
apes:
-Capable of walking up right for short
periods of time
-Brain cavity 500 cm cubed
-forehead sloped from the eyes
-smaller pelvis, pelvic bone more
compact
-Jaw is V shaped
-Spaces between teeth,
-Has an opposable thumb not as wide a
range of movement as a human
-Spinal cord enters towards the bottom
of the skull
-muscles attach to pelvis to walk on
four legs. |
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Term
Australopithecus Afarensis
3.8 million years ago |
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Definition
3.8 million years ago
1974 Discovered a complete skeleton
named Lucy
1 meter tall
concluded that bipedal primates existed in Africa |
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Term
Australopithecus africanus
1.2 - 3.6 million years ago |
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Definition
Skull discovered 1924 w/small brain cavity
1.2 - 3.6 million years ago
Jaw "V" shaped, human like teeth, spinal cord opening at bottom of skull indicating that is was bipedal. |
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Term
Homo Habilis
1.5- 2 million years old |
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Definition
Larger brain capacity than Australopithecus. 800 cm cubed
Stone tools found near fossil with large brain capacity. |
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Term
Homo Erectus
.25 - 1.5 million years old |
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Definition
Larger brain capacity. 1000 cm cubed
finely crafted tools
Used fire
Lived in groups
Complex social activities |
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Term
Homo sapien Neanderthalensis
280,000 years old |
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Definition
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Term
Homo sapien sapien (cro magnons)
200,000 years old |
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Definition
Migrated out of africa 100,000 years ago
Complex spoken language
written language
Stone carvings
Developed agriculture
cave and rock carvings, 35,000- 1,000 years ago |
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Term
order of Human evolution:
Oldest to youngest |
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Definition
Australopithecus afarensis 3.8 million
Australopithecus africanus 1.2-3.6 million
Homo habilis 1.5 - 2 million
Homo erectus.25 - 1.5 million
Homo Sapien Neanderthalensis 280 thousand
Homo sapien sapien(cro magnons)200thousand |
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Term
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Definition
A two name system of naming organisms.
Carl Linnaeus
1. Genus-Capitalized
2. Species-isn't capitalized
3. All in italics
ex. Homo sapien (italicized) |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom-King
Phylum-Paul
Class-Came
Order-Over
Family-From
Genus-George's
Species-Shack |
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Term
| Kingdoms in order from least complex |
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Definition
Moneran
Protista
Fungi
Plant
Annimal |
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Term
Kingdom Monera
characteristics |
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Definition
Prokaryotic cells
Some cause diseases others produce substances that can cure diseases
anaerobic
aerobic |
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Term
Kingdom Monera
characteristics |
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Definition
Peptidoglycan- cell wall consisting mostly of nitrogen containing polysacchoride
Flagella-have long thin structures
Pili-Short hairlike protein strands
Endospore- consists of a think wall surrounding the nuclear material and small amount of cytoplasm-act as a coat of armor |
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Term
Kingdom monera
Cell Shapes |
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Definition
Cocci-spherical cells
Bacilli-Rod shaped cells
Spirilli- spiral shaped cells |
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Term
Kingdom Monera
Gram Staining |
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Definition
Hans Christian Gram 1884
separates bacteria into 2 groups:
Gram positive: absorbs stain
Gram negative: doesn't absorb stain |
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Term
Kingdom Monera
Types of Monera |
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Definition
Eubacteria- a category of bacteria.
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)- Nutrition- photosynthetic
Energy-aerobic
Role-carbon and nitrogen fixation 3.5 billion years ago.
First Fossil
Chemosynthetic bacteria:
nutrition- makes own food from carbon dioxide.
Energy: obtains energy from chemical reactions involving in organis molecules
Nitrogen fixing bacteria: Bacteria that captures nitrogen in air and converts it into forms that plants can use.
Obligate Aerobes: bacteria that get poisoned by oxygen and gain energy by fermentation. NO OXYGEN anerobic |
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Term
Kingdom Monera
Forms of Reproduction |
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Definition
Bionary Fussion
Conjugation
Transformation |
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Term
Kingdom Monera
Forms of Reproduction
Bionary fussion |
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Definition
Bionary Fussion: makes more cells
1. DNA attaches to cell membrane and copies itself
2. Membrane begins to grow
3. Membrane indents and cell divides |
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Term
Kingdom Monera
Forms of reproduction
Conjugation |
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Definition
Conjugation: Produces genetic variability
Plasmids- contain additional DNA not on the primary DNA strand.
On the plasmids there if a gene called a sex factor
Bacteria that carry the sex factor gene can conjugate with cells that do not carry the sex factor.
1. Sex factor plasmid combines w/ original chromasomes
2. bridge forms b/w the 2 bacteria
3. cell with sex factor copies to DNA molecule.
4. Copied DNA moves across bridge
5. Bridge breaks before all the process is complete
6. only some genes make it across the bridge
7. recipient cell takes new genes
8. replaces some of its genes w/new ones
9. old genes are destroyed |
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Term
Kindgom Monera
Forms of reproduction
Transformation |
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Definition
Transformation:
a bacteria takes the DNA that they need now other cell is broken.
ex. e.coli takes all amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A virus is a tiny particle made of nucleic acid and protein |
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Term
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Definition
| One tenth the size of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Virus that contains bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
1. attaches to host cell
2. virus breaks down cell wall
3. injects DNA into cell
4. assembles and makes new viruses
5. Lysis- cell breaks open and releases viruses |
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Term
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Definition
introduction of viral DNA into a host cell DNA.
Viruses dont break out of call they chill there and remain dormant.
Lysogeny is so dangerous because it sits in the host cell and reproduces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flu viruses infect the cell and leaves the cell without rupturing it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Retro Viruse copies DNA from virus and new host has both host cell DNA and Viral DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotic organels: have membrane formed around it. Can be single celled or multi-cellular. and go through mitosis and meiosis. |
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Term
Kingdom Protista
classification |
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Definition
Sarcodines
Ciliates
Flagellates |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom Protista
Sarcodine:
Pseudopods "false feet
-Lakes and Ponds
ex. Amoeba
Amoeba use pseudopods to move.
Pushes cytoplasm out and moves forward.
makes cytoplasm extension to move.
Reproduces by cell division also can eat by use of pseudopods, surrounds food and phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom Protista
Ciliates:
-Lakes & Ponds
-cilia-form of locomotion & helps catch food.
ex. Paramecium
Eat by getting food in food vacuole. Food travles through paramecuim & exretes trough anal pore |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom Protista
Flagellates-
ex 1.euglena
-Move by flagella
euglena can eat by photosynthesis b/c they contain chloroplast. also absorb nutrients through cell wall.
ex.2 plasmodium (protist that causes malaria) |
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Term
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Definition
Only FEMALE mosquitos pass on Malaria.
- Transmitted through blood.
- Plasmodium camoflauge by taking host cell and wraps itself in it.
-Can incubate 6 - 15 days
-reproduces in salivary glads. |
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Term
Cell Membrane
aka( plasma membrane ) |
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Definition
| Is the protective layer that covers the cell’s surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin layer supporting the cell membrane protecting them and allowing them to retain their shape. |
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Term
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Definition
Barbed defense
-Protection |
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Term
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Definition
| an organell that controls the water balance of a protist by expelling excess water from the protist |
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Term
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Definition
Eukaryotic
*classified by their photosynthetic pigments.
Two types:
Unicellular:
Golden
Fire
Euglenoids
Multicellular:
Red
Brown
Green |
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Term
|
Definition
Golden Algae:
ex -Diatoms(page 323)
-reproduces by dividing in two and then regenerates and makes whole new diatoms.
-Green
Fire Algae:
ex -dinoflagellates
-two flagella
-red and yellow
Euglenoids:
ex -euglena
-red and yellow pigments |
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Term
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Definition
Red Algae:
-1m to 100m long
-live in deep water
-absorb blue light for photosythesis.
-Ca+-plant dies-Ca+stays-forms limestone
Brown Algae:
ex-kelp
-Green
-holdfasts
-air bladders keep it floating
Green Algae:
ex-spirogyra
-Green |
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Term
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Definition
| like roots anchor themselves to rocks and things on ocean floor to keep from floating away. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pockets of air on the plant to keep it afloat |
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Term
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Definition
5 Fungi phylums:
-Oomycota
-Zygomycota
-Ascomycota
-Basidiomycota
-Deuteromycota |
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Term
Kingdom Fungi
characteristics |
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Definition
-Reproduce sexually and Asexually
-Lack chlorophyll-NO phtosythesis
-Heterotrophic
-Eukaryotic (membrane bound organells)
-Composed of Hyphae |
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Term
Kingdom Fungi
characteristics:
definitions |
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Definition
Mycelium- network of hyphae. Anchor fungi and absorb water.
Saprobes-most fungi-absorbs nutrients from deat or decaying matter.
Parasitic- Some fungi are parasites-they feed off of something but one benifits and one is harmed. |
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Term
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Definition
ex. ICK
(water mold)
-Releases spores that have flagella and swim to locate food
-once food is found spores develop into hyphae and grow into new organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
-Largest group
-ex. Rhizopus (bread mold)
-asexual reproduction
-sexual reproduction occurs when conditions are NOT favorable. |
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Term
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Definition
(sac fungi)
-ex. truffles,yeast
-reproductive structures called ascus
-Yeast reproduces asexually through a process called budding
-Budding is when spores are released and then they become new mycelium
Truffles
-grow underground
-pigs or dogs find them
-delicacy |
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Term
Kingdom Fungi
Basidiomycota |
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Definition
(club fungi)
-ex. Mushrooms
-Fruiting bodies
-have spreading network of hyphae underground
-absorbs large amounts of water
-Under cap are numerous gills
-Bacidia-reproductive cells on the gills that release spores |
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Term
Kingdom Fungi
Deuteromycota |
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Definition
(imperfect fungi)
-ex. Penicillin
-Penicillin 1st antibiotic
-Alexander Flemming discovered penicillin
-destroys the cell wall
-stops enzymes
-never been observed going through sexual reproduction
-Discovered by Flemming leaving a culture open & fungus landed in the bacteria and he noticed that the bacteria around the fungus couldn't grow |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi obtain nutrients by secreting neutrients, breaking down food and absorbing it through the soil. |
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Term
|
Definition
Two things living together and both benifit.
ex. lichen and tress
Lichen on trees get their neutrients through their mycelium which are located behind bark |
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Term
|
Definition
Grows on elm trees
-Fungal infection
-cuts off feeding system |
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Term
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Definition
| Mycrrorizhae- 90% all plants absorb nutriants from the soil |
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Term
| Sexual reproduction of fungi |
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Definition
| Hyphae + - combine they create zygospore - new thingy |
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Term
Kingdom Plantea
Angiosperms |
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Definition
angiosperms-flowering plants
monocot: ex. corn
-One cotyledon
-flowers are in multiples of three
-Stem- is unorganized vascular bundles.
dicot: ex. bean
-two cotyledon
-flowers are in multiples of four or five
-stem- organized vascular bundles. |
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Term
Kingdom Plantea
angiosperms |
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Definition
Male reproductive Parts
-stamen
-anther (holds pollen)
Female reproductive parts
-Ovary
-Style
-Stigma (where pollen collects) |
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Term
Kingdom Plantae
Pollination |
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Definition
| Pollination- act of pollen moving from anther to stigma |
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Term
Kingdom Plantae
Gymnosperm |
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Definition
A seed plant that does not flower.
ex. conifers
pine cones
Male pine cones release pollen from their pollen cones and some falls into the scales of the female cones. |
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Term
Kingdom Anemalia
invertibrates |
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Definition
Phylums:
Porifera: Sponges
Cnidaria: Jellyfish, corals, hydra
Platyhelminthes: Flat worms
Nematoda: Round worms-hook worms
Annelida: Segmented worms-earth worms
Mollusca: Snails and Slugs
Echinodermata: Starfish, sea urchins
Arthropoda: spiders,lobsters, crayfish |
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Term
|
Definition
Asexual reproduction -budding
EX sponges:
-Asymmetrical, radially symmetrical
-Porocytes: takes in H2O by same holes water comes out
-Spicules- provide protection (some are barbed) |
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Term
|
Definition
Polyp-sessile
Medusa-move
Hydra- have mouth pore. thy trap their food
ex. nematocysts
Medusa- ex.jellyfish. Make polyp buds off a new jellyfish
Polyp-ex sea anemone
Polyp- ex coral |
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Term
|
Definition
EX. Planeria, tapeworms, flukes
Flat worms |
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Term
|
Definition
Hookworms Round worms
Burrow in skin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ex. Earthworm Segmented worms. |
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Term
|
Definition
Gastropods
EX snails and SLugs
-Soft body
-No skeleton
-Has organs
-Radula feeding with hard toothlike projection that scrapes up food.
-has mouth and anus
-has gills
-open cirulatory system
Bivalves
EX. Oysters, clams, Mussles
-shells partly open to repire across gills
-Foot Muscular structure that pulls organism deeper into the soil
-Separate sexes
-has nervous system
Cephalopods
EX. squid, Octopus
-well developed nervous system and brain
-has suction cups
-carnivorous
-hard teeth to bite prey
-closed circulatory system |
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Term
|
Definition
EX. starfish sea urchin
-all are marine
-radially symetrical
-tube feet
STARFISH
-Madreporite
-Most are carnivorous
-PUSH STOMACH OUTSIDE THEIR BODY TO SURROUND FOOD-digestive enzymes break it down.
- |
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Term
|
Definition
Have exoskeleton
-all organisms molt
-have segmented body parts
-highly develop nervous system
-open circulatory system
ARACHNIDS
-Spiders,scorpions, ticks...
-Digest externally
-silk glands in abdomen
-Have book lungs
CRUSTACEANS
-Lobsters crayfish
-Have hard shells
-Gills at base of walking legs
DIPLODA
Millipede -segmented bodies
INSECTA
grasshopper, butterflies, bees - 3 main segments |
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Term
Kingdom Anemalia
Vertebrates |
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Definition
Fish
-Jawless
-Cartlege
-boney
Amphibians
-Salamanders, frogs
-land and water
-born in water
-repire through skin
-evolved from fish
Reptiles
-Eggs develope
-scales
-cold blooded
-legs
-land
Birds
-hollow bones
-keel beaks
feathers
scales
evolved from reptiles
Mammals
-Hair
-Warm blooded
-mammary glands
1.Monotremes
2.Marsupials
3.Placentals |
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