cliche

an overused expression 

thesaurus 

an alphabtical list of words and their synonyms 

denotation 

the literal meaning of a word 

connotation 

the meaning listeners associate with a word, based on past experience 

ethnic vernacular 

a variety of English that includes words and phrases used by a specific ethnic group 

regionalism 

a word or phrase used uniquely by speakers in one part of a country 

jargon 

 the specialized language

ofa profession 

standard U.S. English 

the english taught by schools and used in the media, business, and government in the United States 

figure of Speech 

language that deviates from the ordinary, expected meaning of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable 

metaphor 

an implied comparison between two things or concepts 

simile 

a comparison betwen two things that uses the word like or as 

crisis rhetoric 

language used by speakers during mementous or overwhelming times 

personification 

the attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas 

omission 

leaving out a word or phrase the listener expects to hear 

inversion 

reversal of the normal word order of a phrase or sentence 

suspension 

witholding a key word or phrase until the end of a sentence

parallelism 

ues of the same grammatical pattern for two or more clauses or sentences 

anitithesis 

oppostion, such as the used in two-part sentences in which the second part contrasts in meaning with the first 

repetition 

use of a key word or phrase more than once for emphasis 

alliteration 

the repitiion of a consonant sound(usually the first consonant) several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence 

nonverbal communication 

communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning 

nonverbal expectancy theory 

a communication theory that suggests that if listeners' expectations about how communication should be expressed are violated, listeners will feel less favorable toward the communicator of the message 

emotional contagoin theory 

a theory suggesting that people tend to "cathc" the emotions of others 

manuscript speaking 

reading a speech from a written text 

memorized speaking 

delivering a speech word for word from memory without using notes 

impromptu speaking

 delivering a speech without advance preparation

extemporaneous speaking 

speaking from a written or memorized speech outline without having memorized the exact wording of the speech 

immediacy 

the degree of perceived physical or psychological closeness between people 

immediacy behaviors 

behaviors such as making eye contact, makin appropriate gestures, and adjusting physical distance that enhance the quality of the relationship between speaker adn listeners 

volume 

the softness or loudness of a speaker's voice 

articulation 

the production of clear and distinct speech sounds 

dialect 

a consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group or geographic region 

pronunciation 

the use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately 

pitch 

how high or low your voice sounds 

inflection 

the variation in the ptich of the voice 

lavaliere microphone 

a microphone that can be clipped to an article of clothing or worn on a cord around your neck 

boom microphone 

a microphone that is suspended from a bar and moved to follow the speaker; often used in movies and TV 

stationary microphone 

a microphone attached to a lectern, sitting on a desk, or standing on the floor 

presentation iad 

anything tangible (drawings, charts, graphs, video images, photographs, sounds) that helps communicate an idea to an audience 

model 

a small object that represents a larger object 

graph 

a pictorial representation of statistical data 

bar graph 

a graph in which bars of various lengths represent information 

pie graph 

a circular graph divided into wedges that show the distribution of data 

line graph 

a graph that uses lines or curves to show relationships between two or more variables 

picture graph 

a graph that uses images or pictures to symbolize data 

chart 

a display that summarizes information by using words, numbers, or images 

computer-generated graphics 

images, charts, graphs, and words that are created using a computer program 

clip art 

images or pictures stored in a computer file or in printed form that can be used in a presentation aid 

font 

a particular style of typeface 

CD-ROM 

an electronic file of images, words, and sounds on a compact disk 

DVD (digital video disk) 

AN electronic storage mode similar to a CD-ROM, except that it can store much more information and display it with exceptional clarity and fidelity 

persuasion 

the process of changing or reinforcing a listener's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior 

elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion 

the thoery that people can be persuaded by logic, evidence, and reasoning or through a more peripheral route that may depend on the credibility of the speaker, the sheer number of arguments presented, or emotional appeals 

motivation 

the internal force that drives people to achieve their goals 

cognitive dissonance 

the sense of mental discomfort that prompts a person to change when new information conflicts with previoiusly oranized thought patterns 

self-actualization 

the need to achieve one's highest potential 

social judgment theory 

theory that categorizes listener responses to a persuasive messag as in the latitude of acceptance, the latitude of rejection, or the latitude of noncommiment 

proposition 

a statement that summarizes the ideas with which a speaker wants an audience to agree 

proposition of fact 

a proposition that focuses on whether something is true or false or whether it did or did not happen 

proposition of value 

calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something 

proposition of policy 

ethos 

the term aristotle used to refer to a spearker's credibility 

competence 

an aspect of a speaker's credib ility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as informed, skilled, or knowledgeable 

trustworthiness 

an spect of a speaker's credibility 

dynamism

an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as energentic

charisma

characteristic of a talented, charming, attractive speaker

initial credibility

the impression of a speaker's credibility that listneers have before the speaker starts a speech

derived credibility

the perception of a speaker's credibility that is formed during a speech

terminal credibility

the final impression listeners have of a speaker's credibility, after a speech concludes

logos

literally, "the word"; the term aristotle used to refer to logic- the formal system of using rules to reach a conclusion

inductive reasoning

reasoning that uses specific instances or examples to reach a general, probable conclusion

generalization

an all-encompassing statement

deductive reasoning

reasoning that moves from a general statement of principle to a specific certain conclusion

syllogism

a three-part way of developing an argument, using a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion

major premise

a general statement that is the first element of a syllogism

minor premise

a specific statement bout an example that is linked to the major premise; the second element of a syllogism

conclusion

the logical outcome of a deductie argument, which stems from the major premise and the minor premise

causal reasoning

reasoning in which the relationship between two or more events leads you to conclude tha tone or more of the events caused the others

example

an illustration used to dramatize or clarify a fact

fallacy

false reasoning that occurs when someone atemptes to persuade without adequate evidence or whith argumetns that are irrelevant or inappropriate

causal fallacy

a faulty cause-and-effect connection btween two things or events

bandwagon fallacy

reasoning that suggests that because everyone else believes something or is doing something thn it ust be valid or correct

eihter/or fallacy

the oversimplification of an issue into a choice betwn only two outcomes or possibilities

hasty generalization

a conclustion reached without adequate evidence

ad hominem

an attack on irrelevant personal characteristics of the person who is proposing an idea, rather than on the idea itself

red herring

irrelevant facts or information used to distract someone from the issue under discussion

appeal to misplaced authority

use of the testimony of an expert in an given field to endorse an idea or product for which the expert does not have the approriate credentials or expertise

non sequitur

latin for "it does not follow"; an idea or conclusion that does not logically relate to or follow from the previous idea or conclusion

pathos

term use by aristotle to refer to appeals to human emotion

myth

a shared belief based on the underlying values, cultural heritage, and faith of a group of people